Efecto del estrés calórico sobre la producción del ganado lechero en Costa Rica1
Archivos
Fecha
2019
Autores
Ruiz Jaramillo, Juan Ismael
Abarca Monge, Sergio
Hidalgo, Hugo G.
Vargas Leitón, Bernardo
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Universidad de Costa Rica
Resumen
Introducción. La producción lechera en zonas tropicales se caracteriza por una alta dependencia del recurso
forrajero, lo que la hace sensible a las variables climáticas, de las cuales existe información limitada sobre su efecto
en el rendimiento de razas lecheras especializadas. Objetivo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la asociación
entre el índice de temperatura y humedad (ITH) y la producción diaria de leche (kgl) de vacas de razas Holstein, Jersey
y sus cruces. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se efectuó en las regiones Norte y Central de Costa Rica, con datos
recolectados entre 1990 y 2015. Los valores de ITH se obtuvieron mediante modelos predictivos lineales y modelos
espaciales de autocorrelación, ajustados sobre 3547 registros mensuales de temperatura máxima y humedad relativa
de diecisiete estaciones meteorológicas. Se analizaron 6 478 582 registros de kgl provenientes de 418 hatos lecheros,
mediante un modelo lineal mixto generalizado (GLMM), que consideró los efectos fijos de la raza, el año y el mes
calendario, número de parto, etapa de lactancia, raza×etapa de lactancia, ENOS (Efecto “El Niño”), ITH y raza×ITH,
además del efecto aleatorio de la vaca. Resultados. Todos los factores presentaron efecto altamente significativo
(p<0,0001) sobre la kgl. Para el rango de ITH entre 72-88 se estimaron reducciones lineales de 0,41 (r2
=0,94),
0,36 (r2
=0,95) y 0,29 (r2
=0,82) kg día-1 para Holstein, Holstein×Jersey y Jersey, respectivamente. No se observaron
tendencias significativas en los kgl para ITH <72. Las pérdidas económicas atribuibles a la mayor exposición al
estrés en la región norte comparada con la región central se estimaron en $680, $587 y $477 por lactancia por vaca
para Holstein, Holstein×Jersey y Jersey, respectivamente. Conclusión. Hubo relación inversa entre el índice de
temperatura y humedad, y la producción de leche en vacas Holstein, Jersey y sus cruces, en esta región tropical.
. Dairy production in tropical zones is characterized by a high dependence on the forage resource, which makes it sensitive to climatic variables of which there is limited information on their effect on the performance of specialized dairy breeds. Objective. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between temperature and humidity index (THI) and daily milk production (kgl) of cows breeds Holstein, Jersey, and their crosses. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in the northern and central regions of Costa Rica, with data collected between 1990 and 2015. THI values were obtained using linear predictive models and spatial autocorrelation models, applied to 3,547 monthly records of maximum temperature and relative humidity from seventeen weather stations. 6,478,582 kgl records from 418 dairy herds were analyzed, using a generalized mixed linear model (GLMM), which considered the fixed effects of breed, year and month, birth number, lactation stage, breed × lactation stage, ENSO (Effect “El Niño”), ITH and breed×ITH, in addition to a random effect of the cow. Results. All factors had a highly significant effect (p<0.0001) on kgl. For the ITH range between 72-88, linear reductions of 0.41 (r2 =0.94), 0.36 (r2 =0.95) and 0.29 (r2 =0.82) kg day-1 were estimated for Holstein, Holstein×Jersey and Jersey, respectively. No significant trends were observed for kgl when ITH <72. The economic losses attributable to the greater stress exposure in the north compared to the central region were estimated at $680, $587 and $477 per lactation and cow for Holstein, Holstein×Jersey and Jersey, respectively. Conclusion. There was an inverse relationship between temperature and humidity index and milk production in Holstein, Jersey and crossbreed cows for this tropical region.
. Dairy production in tropical zones is characterized by a high dependence on the forage resource, which makes it sensitive to climatic variables of which there is limited information on their effect on the performance of specialized dairy breeds. Objective. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between temperature and humidity index (THI) and daily milk production (kgl) of cows breeds Holstein, Jersey, and their crosses. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in the northern and central regions of Costa Rica, with data collected between 1990 and 2015. THI values were obtained using linear predictive models and spatial autocorrelation models, applied to 3,547 monthly records of maximum temperature and relative humidity from seventeen weather stations. 6,478,582 kgl records from 418 dairy herds were analyzed, using a generalized mixed linear model (GLMM), which considered the fixed effects of breed, year and month, birth number, lactation stage, breed × lactation stage, ENSO (Effect “El Niño”), ITH and breed×ITH, in addition to a random effect of the cow. Results. All factors had a highly significant effect (p<0.0001) on kgl. For the ITH range between 72-88, linear reductions of 0.41 (r2 =0.94), 0.36 (r2 =0.95) and 0.29 (r2 =0.82) kg day-1 were estimated for Holstein, Holstein×Jersey and Jersey, respectively. No significant trends were observed for kgl when ITH <72. The economic losses attributable to the greater stress exposure in the north compared to the central region were estimated at $680, $587 and $477 per lactation and cow for Holstein, Holstein×Jersey and Jersey, respectively. Conclusion. There was an inverse relationship between temperature and humidity index and milk production in Holstein, Jersey and crossbreed cows for this tropical region.
Descripción
Palabras clave
PRODUCCIÓN LECHERA, MILK PRODUCTION, GANADO DE LECHE, DAIRY CATTLE, CAMBIO CLIMATICO, CLIMATE CHANGE