Análisis teórico crítico de las identidades y liberaciones para las políticas y los derechos humanos GLBTT en América Latina
Fecha
2010
Autores
Gómez Meza, Juan Olivier
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Esta tesis en un aporte al discurso filosófico y a la teoría política latinoamericana, que han venido señalando la alienación y la lucha por la liberación. Enfatiza los procesos emancipatorios y de resistencia contra la homofobia social, estatal y religiosa, para lograr la soberanía de los cuerpos, la dignidad Gay, Lésbico, Bisexual, Travestí y Transexual (GLBTT) o, mejor dicho, las luchas por lograr derechos humanos. Estos aspectos concitaron mi atención y esta Tesis aporta una sistematización y un análisis fundamental e inédito sobre la región y sobre cada uno de los países que la componen. Si se lucha desde el referente GLBTT, la oportunidad para conocer la ira y la indignación es muy sugerente y radical en América Latina.
Pero, sobre todo, conviene recalcar la intención política de esta investigación, de hacer surgir en cada lector la responsabilidad y la implicación ético solidaria de generar un conocimiento emancipatorio. La Tesis se dirige a superar el epistemicidio desconocedor de los sujetos concretos GLBTT. En el análisis que sigue, se reconocen y describen las fuerzas políticas que luchan desde marginalidades contra hegemónicas, mostrando un paisaje convulso en América Latina, subrayando los caminos seguidos para comprender y para superar el odio, todas las fobias y, en especial, aquella que limita y mina la dignidad GLBTT en nuestra América.
En los capítulos 1 al 4 planteo el problema de investigación, la dimensión personal que me impulsará, así como los objetivos. Desarrollo un recorrido por los principales autores que desde diferentes disciplinas y campos han venido construyendo un diverso discurso sobre la teoría queer, la Filosofía de la Liberación Latinoamericana y las Teorías Críticas de los Derechos Humanos.
Metodológicamente, en el capítulo 5 construyo un andamiaje epistemológico para conocer el objeto de investigación. Me fundamento principalmente en las propuestas críticas, utilizando experimentalmente una epistemología de las ausencias (De Souza Santos).
En los capítulos 6 y 7 interconecto los tres cuerpos teóricos implicados, para encontrar la vocación conjunta de liberación de grupos y sectores excluidos socialmente, y para señalar los silencios estructurales de la FFL. Pero, sobre todo, señalo la importancia de los movimientos sociales y de las personas GLBTT como sujetos de la FFL.
Se trata de sujetos que encontramos en los contextos de luchas por Derechos Humanos, tema que considero en el capítulo 7. Las Teorías Críticas de los Derechos Humanos sirven para reforzar los vínculos teóricos entre la FFL y las teorías queer, mediante la búsqueda de dignidad GLBTT. Con ello se plantea una síntesis teórica que permite analizar los procesos históricos y político sociales latinoamericanos sobre identidades y liberaciones GLBTT.
En el capítulo 8 se estudian los movimientos sociales de principios del siglo XXl y se plantean los antecedentes y características de estos procesos en la región latinoamericana, la integración y el fortalecimiento de sus luchas.
En los capítulos 9 al 13 realizo un análisis específico de cada país latinoamericano, considerando varios aspectos (que resumen y aplican la síntesis teórica) como son: las organizaciones y movimientos sociales, las características de la homofobia, y las posiciones del estado y especialmente de los Derechos Humanos. Estos tres aspectos componen la política GLBTT. Aplicando estos criterios, los países resultaron organizados en tres grupos, de acuerdo con los mayores o menores avances y dificultades. En el capítulo 9 están los más avanzados en políticas y derechos GLBTT (Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, México y Brasil- que se estudia en capítulo aparte). Aquellos países con avances, pero aún con dificultades son discutidos en el capítulo 10 (Ecuador, Cuba, Paraguay, Perú, Bolivia, Colombia, Venezuela). El capítulo 11 considera los países donde la hostilidad y la persecución son muy graves (Nicaragua, El Salvador, Panamá, Guatemala, República dominicana, Honduras y Costa Rica- que se estudia en capítulo aparte). Brasil se estudia más a fondo en el capítulo 11, y se realiza un estudio paralelo respecto a Costa Rica, en el capítulo 12. Las conclusiones aparecen en el capítulo 13.
This thesis is a contribution to Latin American philosophical discourse and political theory, which have been pointing to alienation and the struggle for liberation. It emphasizes the processes of emancipation and resistance against social, state and religious homophobia, to achieve the sovereignty of bodies, Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transsexual, Transvestite and Transgender (GLBTT) dignity or, better said, the struggles to achieve human rights. These aspects attracted my attention and this thesis provides a systematization and a fundamental and unprecedented analysis of the region and each of the countries that make it up. If one fights from the GLBTT point of view, the opportunity to learn about the anger and indignation is very suggestive and radical in Latin America. But, above all, it is important to emphasize the political intention of this research, to bring out in each reader the responsibility and the ethical and solidary implication of to generate emancipatory knowledge. The Thesis aims to overcome the epistemic ignorance of the concrete GLBTT subjects. In the analysis that follows, the political forces that fight from marginalities against hegemonic ones are recognised and described, showing a convulsive landscape in Latin America, underlining the paths followed to understand and overcome hatred, all phobias and, especially, the one that limits and undermines GLBTT dignity in our America. In chapters 1 to 4 I set out the research problem, the personal dimension that will drive me, as well as the objectives. I develop a journey through the main authors who, from different disciplines and fields, have been constructing a diverse discourse on queer theory, Latin American Liberation Philosophy and Critical Theories of Human Rights. Methodologically, in chapter 5 I construct an epistemological scaffolding for understanding the object of research. I base myself mainly on critical proposals, experimentally using an epistemology of absences (De Souza Santos). In chapters 6 and 7 I interconnect the three theoretical bodies involved, to find the joint vocation of liberation of socially excluded groups and sectors, and to point out the structural silences of the FFL. But, above all, I point out the importance of social movements and LGBT people as subjects of the FFL. Critical Human Rights Theories serve to reinforce the theoretical links between FFL and queer theories through the search for GLBTT dignity. This provides a theoretical synthesis for analysing Latin American historical and social-political processes of LGBTQ identities and liberations. Chapter 8 examines the social movements of the early 20th century and discusses the background and characteristics of these processes in the Latin American region, the integration and strengthening of their struggles. In chapters 9 to 13, I carry out a specific analysis of each Latin American country, considering several aspects (which summarise and apply the theoretical synthesis) such as the organisations and social movements, the characteristics of homophobia, and the positions of the state and especially of Human Rights. These three aspects make up GLBTT policy. Applying these criteria, the countries were organised into three groups, according to the most or least progress and difficulties. Chapter 9 contains the most advanced countries in terms of LGBT policies and rights (Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Mexico and Brazil - which is studied in a separate chapter). Those countries with progress, but still with difficulties are discussed in chapter 10 (Ecuador, Cuba, Paraguay, Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, and Venezuela). Chapter 11 considers countries where hostility and persecution are very serious (Nicaragua, El Salvador, Panama, Guatemala, Dominican Republic, Honduras and Costa Rica - studied in a separate chapter). Brazil is studied in more depth in chapter 11, and a parallel study is carried out for Costa Rica in chapter 12. Conclusions are drawn in chapter 13.
This thesis is a contribution to Latin American philosophical discourse and political theory, which have been pointing to alienation and the struggle for liberation. It emphasizes the processes of emancipation and resistance against social, state and religious homophobia, to achieve the sovereignty of bodies, Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transsexual, Transvestite and Transgender (GLBTT) dignity or, better said, the struggles to achieve human rights. These aspects attracted my attention and this thesis provides a systematization and a fundamental and unprecedented analysis of the region and each of the countries that make it up. If one fights from the GLBTT point of view, the opportunity to learn about the anger and indignation is very suggestive and radical in Latin America. But, above all, it is important to emphasize the political intention of this research, to bring out in each reader the responsibility and the ethical and solidary implication of to generate emancipatory knowledge. The Thesis aims to overcome the epistemic ignorance of the concrete GLBTT subjects. In the analysis that follows, the political forces that fight from marginalities against hegemonic ones are recognised and described, showing a convulsive landscape in Latin America, underlining the paths followed to understand and overcome hatred, all phobias and, especially, the one that limits and undermines GLBTT dignity in our America. In chapters 1 to 4 I set out the research problem, the personal dimension that will drive me, as well as the objectives. I develop a journey through the main authors who, from different disciplines and fields, have been constructing a diverse discourse on queer theory, Latin American Liberation Philosophy and Critical Theories of Human Rights. Methodologically, in chapter 5 I construct an epistemological scaffolding for understanding the object of research. I base myself mainly on critical proposals, experimentally using an epistemology of absences (De Souza Santos). In chapters 6 and 7 I interconnect the three theoretical bodies involved, to find the joint vocation of liberation of socially excluded groups and sectors, and to point out the structural silences of the FFL. But, above all, I point out the importance of social movements and LGBT people as subjects of the FFL. Critical Human Rights Theories serve to reinforce the theoretical links between FFL and queer theories through the search for GLBTT dignity. This provides a theoretical synthesis for analysing Latin American historical and social-political processes of LGBTQ identities and liberations. Chapter 8 examines the social movements of the early 20th century and discusses the background and characteristics of these processes in the Latin American region, the integration and strengthening of their struggles. In chapters 9 to 13, I carry out a specific analysis of each Latin American country, considering several aspects (which summarise and apply the theoretical synthesis) such as the organisations and social movements, the characteristics of homophobia, and the positions of the state and especially of Human Rights. These three aspects make up GLBTT policy. Applying these criteria, the countries were organised into three groups, according to the most or least progress and difficulties. Chapter 9 contains the most advanced countries in terms of LGBT policies and rights (Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Mexico and Brazil - which is studied in a separate chapter). Those countries with progress, but still with difficulties are discussed in chapter 10 (Ecuador, Cuba, Paraguay, Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, and Venezuela). Chapter 11 considers countries where hostility and persecution are very serious (Nicaragua, El Salvador, Panama, Guatemala, Dominican Republic, Honduras and Costa Rica - studied in a separate chapter). Brazil is studied in more depth in chapter 11, and a parallel study is carried out for Costa Rica in chapter 12. Conclusions are drawn in chapter 13.
Descripción
Doctorado en Estudios Latinoamericanos con Énfasis en Pensamiento Latinoamericano
Palabras clave
MOVIMIENTOS DE PROTESTA, HOMOSEXUALIDAD, LESBIANISMO, POLÍTICA INTERNACIONAL, DERECHOS HUMANOS, AMÉRICA LATINA, PROTEST MOVEMENTS, HOMOSEXUALITY, LESBIANISM, INTERNATIONAL POLITICS, HUMAN RIGHTS, LATIN AMERICA