Análisis de la incidencia de la política fiscal sobre el desarrollo de la región Centroamérica para el periodo 2010-2020
Fecha
2024-02-24
Autores
Miranda Núñez, David Alberto
Mora Salas, Manuel Antonio
Retana Espinoza, Rafael Gerardo
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Editor
Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica
Resumen
La vulnerabilidad de la región Centroamericana también se manifiesta en las finanzas públicas,
donde la política fiscal no ha logrado mejorar la capacidad de recaudación, por lo tanto, los
ingresos son limitados, los eventos climáticos han generado demanda de recursos públicos y por
tanto incrementan gastos e incluso deuda para enfrentarlos y algunos organismos regionales
aseguran no tener evidencia de la eficiencia en el gasto público.
La política fiscal es el resultado de acuerdos y relaciones sociales, que son llevadas a cabo por los
gobiernos y cada país orienta sus decisiones como expresión de diversas presiones e intereses. En
Centroamérica, esta política resultante, no siempre integradora y vinculada con objetivos de más
largo plazo, requiere con urgencia de analizar sus componentes y particularmente como inciden
sobre aspectos como la equidad, la pobreza, los sectores productivos, la sostenibilidad de las
finanzas públicas, la protección ambiental, la capacidad de los países para adaptarse a crisis
internas y externas y en general, sobre el desarrollo sostenible resiliente e inclusivo.
En este sentido se entiende la incidencia como los efectos resultantes de las acciones de política
fiscal directamente sobre las personas (equidad, pobreza), los sectores productivos (productividad,
innovación, tecnología, resiliencia, etc.) y el ambiente (cambio climático y otros), para contribuir
o, por el contrario, limitar el desarrollo de la región.
Al respecto la investigación tiene como propósito atender la necesidad de proporcionar estudios
integrales que abarquen los distintos ámbitos del desarrollo (social, económico y ambiental), de
manera que integren el análisis de los impactos y beneficios generados por la política fiscal en la
región de Centroamérica durante el periodo 2010-2020, mediante la creación de indicadores
compuestos. Al mismo tiempo, este análisis pretende derivar recomendaciones concretas para
orientar de manera efectiva la política fiscal hacia una contribución activa al desarrollo regional.
De manera que la investigación esté constituida por cuatro casos de estudio, se elige Costa Rica
por considerarse de mayor crecimiento y otros de menor crecimiento como Guatemala, El Salvador
y Honduras. Los cuatro estudios deben conducir a una caracterización regional de la política fiscal
y su aporte al desarrollo en los términos que se detallan en el resto de la propuesta. Se ha
seleccionado un periodo de análisis de al menos una década que incluyan dos ejercicios
gubernamentales para los cuatro países seleccionados
The vulnerability of the Central American region is also manifested in public finances, where fiscal policy has not managed to improve the collection capacity, therefore, the income is limited, climate events have generated demand for public resources and therefore expenses and even debt increase to face them and some regional organizations They claim to have no evidence of efficiency in public spending. Fiscal policy is the result of agreements and social relations, which are carried out by the governments and each country guides its decisions as an expression of various pressures and interests. In Central America, this resulting policy, not always integrative and linked to objectives of more long term, urgently requires analyzing its components and particularly how they affect on aspects such as equity, poverty, productive sectors, the sustainability of public finances, environmental protection, the ability of countries to adapt to crises internal and external and in general, on resilient and inclusive sustainable development. In this sense, incidence is understood as the effects resulting from policy actions. tax directly on people (equity, poverty), productive sectors (productivity, innovation, technology, resilience, etc.) and the environment (climate change and others), to contribute or, on the contrary, limit the development of the region. In this regard, the purpose of the research is to address the need to provide studies comprehensive programs that cover the different areas of development (social, economic and environmental), way that integrates the analysis of the impacts and benefits generated by fiscal policy in the Central American region during the period 2010-2020, through the creation of indicators compounds. At the same time, this analysis aims to derive concrete recommendations for effectively guide fiscal policy towards an active contribution to regional development. So that the research consists of four case studies, Costa Rica is chosen because they are considered to have higher growth and others to have lower growth such as Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras. The four studies should lead to a regional characterization of fiscal policy and its contribution to development in the terms detailed in the rest of the proposal. It has been selected an analysis period of at least a decade that includes two exercises governments for the four selected countries
The vulnerability of the Central American region is also manifested in public finances, where fiscal policy has not managed to improve the collection capacity, therefore, the income is limited, climate events have generated demand for public resources and therefore expenses and even debt increase to face them and some regional organizations They claim to have no evidence of efficiency in public spending. Fiscal policy is the result of agreements and social relations, which are carried out by the governments and each country guides its decisions as an expression of various pressures and interests. In Central America, this resulting policy, not always integrative and linked to objectives of more long term, urgently requires analyzing its components and particularly how they affect on aspects such as equity, poverty, productive sectors, the sustainability of public finances, environmental protection, the ability of countries to adapt to crises internal and external and in general, on resilient and inclusive sustainable development. In this sense, incidence is understood as the effects resulting from policy actions. tax directly on people (equity, poverty), productive sectors (productivity, innovation, technology, resilience, etc.) and the environment (climate change and others), to contribute or, on the contrary, limit the development of the region. In this regard, the purpose of the research is to address the need to provide studies comprehensive programs that cover the different areas of development (social, economic and environmental), way that integrates the analysis of the impacts and benefits generated by fiscal policy in the Central American region during the period 2010-2020, through the creation of indicators compounds. At the same time, this analysis aims to derive concrete recommendations for effectively guide fiscal policy towards an active contribution to regional development. So that the research consists of four case studies, Costa Rica is chosen because they are considered to have higher growth and others to have lower growth such as Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras. The four studies should lead to a regional characterization of fiscal policy and its contribution to development in the terms detailed in the rest of the proposal. It has been selected an analysis period of at least a decade that includes two exercises governments for the four selected countries
Descripción
Palabras clave
AMÉRICA CENTRAL, POLÍTICA FISCAL, FISCAL POLICY, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, DESARROLLO ECONÓMICO Y SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT