Aislamiento e identificación de hongos en octocorales del Caribe de Costa Rica durante El Niño 2015-2016
Fecha
2017
Autores
Calderón Hernández, Alejandra
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Los octocorales (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) son organismos importantes en los
ecosistemas marinos. Los octocorales crean complejidad ambiental y por lo tanto
aumentan la biodiversidad, son importantes productores de metabolitos secundarios
y son de gran belleza, favoreciendo el turismo. Cuatro enfermedades infecciosas
descritas en octocorales están asociadas con hongos y una de las cuales ha
causado altas tasas de mortalidad en las poblaciones de abanicos de mar en
distintos países del Caribe durante los últimos Fenómenos de El Niño. El objetivo
de este estudio fue aislar e identificar hongos presentes en los octocorales del
Caribe de Costa Rica, describir macroscópica y microscópicamente las lesiones
presentes en ellos e investigar si había compromiso fúngico. Durante El Niño 2015
- 2016 se realizaron buceos en 11 sitios con arrecifes de coral de tres localidades
(Cahuita, Punta Uva y Manzanillo) del Área de Conservación La Amistad Caribe,
Limón, Costa Rica, con el fin de tomar muestras de tejido de octocorales para el
objetivo propuesto. Se recolectó muestras de 55 octocorales, de los cuales 17 (30.9
%) tenían lesión y 38 (69.1 %) no tenían alteraciones evidentes. Las colonias fueron
de cinco géneros: 23 individuos de Gorgonia spp. (41.8 %), 20 especímenes de
Eunicea spp. (36.3 %), seis Plexaurella spp. (10.9 %), tres Pseudopterogorgia
acerosa (5.4 %) y tres Muricea atlantica (5.4 %). Se aislaron hongos en 127 cultivos
(50.4 %), en tejidos sanos se encontraron diez géneros de hongos y tres géneros
en tejidos enfermos; siendo Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium y Zygosporium los
más frecuentes en colonias sanas y Aspergillus, Penicillium y Zygosporium, en
zonas con lesión. No se encontró relación entre las dimensiones del octocoral y
parámetros abióticos con la presencia de lesiones y/o aislamientos de los hongos,
pero sí hubo una mayor diversidad de hongos y mayor cantidad de octocorales con
lesiones en los sitios 7 y 9. De los 17 individuos con lesiones, se pudo demostrar,
mediante histopatología, un compromiso fúngico con una respuesta celular
asociada en dos de ellos (11.7 %) y parasitismo por algas en siete (41.2 %). En
cuatro colonias de Eunicea spp. (20 %) se evidenció una reacción de acumulación
de escleritos y zonas de necrosis de causa no determinada. Diatomeas,
cianobacterias y nematodos fueron observados en los lavados de los tejidos e
histopatologías, pero no se asociaron con las lesiones. Este es el primer estudio en
el que se analizan la micobiota e histopatología en octocorales de Costa Rica.
Octocorals (Cnidaria:Octocorallia) are important components of marine ecosystems. Octocorals create environmental complexity, leading to higher biodiversity, are important producers of secondary metabolites and are attractive animals, important for tourism. Four infectious diseases described in octocorals have been associated with fungi and one of them has caused high rates of mortalities in the sea fans populations in different countries of the Caribbean during the last El Niño event. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify fungi in octocorals from the Costa Rica Caribbean, describe macroscopic and microscopic lesions and investigate if there was fungal compromise. During El Niño 2015 - 2016 dives were conducted at 11 sites with coral reefs in three locations (Cahuita, Punta Uva and Manzanillo) of La Amistad Caribe Conservation Area, Limón, Costa Rica, in order to collect samples of octocorals tissue to achieve the proposed objective. Samples were collected from 55 octocorals, 17 of them (30.9 %) had lesions and 38 (69.1 %) had no evident lesions. The colonies belong to five genera, 23 individuals were Gorgonia spp. (41.8 %), 20 specimens were Eunicea spp. (36.3 %), six Plexaurella spp. (10.9 %), three Pseudopterogorgia acerosa (5.4 %) and three Muricea atlantica (5.4 %). Fungi were isolated in 127 (50.4 %) of the cultures, in healthy tissues ten genera of fungi were found and three in the diseased tissues; the most frequent in healthy colonies were Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium and Zygosporium while Aspergillus, Penicillium and Zygosporium in injured areas. No relationship between octocoral dimensions and abiotic parameters and the presence of lesions and / or isolation of fungus was found. But a spatial distribution with greater diversity of fungi and presence of lesions were seen in sites 7 and 9. Of the 17 individuals with lesions, tissue reaction to fungal hyphae was demonstrated by histopathology in two of them (11.7 %) and parasitism by algae in seven (41.2 %). In four Eunicea spp. (20%) a sclerite reaction with blackish coloration were seen with no apparent cause determinated. Diatoms, cyanobacteria and nematodes were observed in the washings of tissues and histopathology, but not associated with injuries. This is the first study to analyze mycobiota and histopathology in octocorals of Costa Rica.
Octocorals (Cnidaria:Octocorallia) are important components of marine ecosystems. Octocorals create environmental complexity, leading to higher biodiversity, are important producers of secondary metabolites and are attractive animals, important for tourism. Four infectious diseases described in octocorals have been associated with fungi and one of them has caused high rates of mortalities in the sea fans populations in different countries of the Caribbean during the last El Niño event. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify fungi in octocorals from the Costa Rica Caribbean, describe macroscopic and microscopic lesions and investigate if there was fungal compromise. During El Niño 2015 - 2016 dives were conducted at 11 sites with coral reefs in three locations (Cahuita, Punta Uva and Manzanillo) of La Amistad Caribe Conservation Area, Limón, Costa Rica, in order to collect samples of octocorals tissue to achieve the proposed objective. Samples were collected from 55 octocorals, 17 of them (30.9 %) had lesions and 38 (69.1 %) had no evident lesions. The colonies belong to five genera, 23 individuals were Gorgonia spp. (41.8 %), 20 specimens were Eunicea spp. (36.3 %), six Plexaurella spp. (10.9 %), three Pseudopterogorgia acerosa (5.4 %) and three Muricea atlantica (5.4 %). Fungi were isolated in 127 (50.4 %) of the cultures, in healthy tissues ten genera of fungi were found and three in the diseased tissues; the most frequent in healthy colonies were Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium and Zygosporium while Aspergillus, Penicillium and Zygosporium in injured areas. No relationship between octocoral dimensions and abiotic parameters and the presence of lesions and / or isolation of fungus was found. But a spatial distribution with greater diversity of fungi and presence of lesions were seen in sites 7 and 9. Of the 17 individuals with lesions, tissue reaction to fungal hyphae was demonstrated by histopathology in two of them (11.7 %) and parasitism by algae in seven (41.2 %). In four Eunicea spp. (20%) a sclerite reaction with blackish coloration were seen with no apparent cause determinated. Diatoms, cyanobacteria and nematodes were observed in the washings of tissues and histopathology, but not associated with injuries. This is the first study to analyze mycobiota and histopathology in octocorals of Costa Rica.
Descripción
Maestría en Medicina de la Conservación
Palabras clave
ECOLOGÍA MARINA, COSTA RICA, CORALES, CORALS, HONGOS, FUNGI, MARINE ECOLOGY