Proceso de reactivación económica de las PYMES del Sector Comercio, en los cantones de Buenos Aires, Corredores, Coto Brus, Golfito, Osa y Puerto Jiménez post pandemia, periodo 2022-2023
Fecha
2025
Autores
Montoya Duarte, Isabel Cristina
Carmona Calvo, Jorge
Jiménez González, Carlos
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Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
El presente trabajo de investigación aborda el proceso de reactivación económica de las pequeñas y medianas empresas (PYMES) del sector comercio, ubicadas en los cantones de Buenos Aires, Corredores, Coto Brus, Golfito, Osa y Puerto Jiménez, en la Región Brunca de Costa Rica, durante el periodo posterior a la pandemia por COVID-19, específicamente entre los años 2022 y 2023. La investigación parte del reconocimiento de los severos impactos provocados por la pandemia en el aparato productivo nacional, especialmente en las PYMES, las cuales representan el 97.4% del total de empresas del país y generan un aporte significativo en empleo, desarrollo económico y cohesión social. La pandemia expuso la vulnerabilidad estructural del sector comercial, provocando cierres temporales y definitivos de negocios, disminución de ventas, reducción de personal y dificultades de acceso a financiamiento. Estos efectos fueron más intensos en regiones como la Brunca, donde las condiciones socioeconómicas ya eran desfavorables antes de la crisis sanitaria. Ante esta realidad, el estudio analiza las estrategias adoptadas por las PYMES para enfrentar la crisis, así como las acciones institucionales orientadas a apoyar su recuperación. Desde una perspectiva metodológica, se desarrolló un enfoque mixto (cualitativo y cuantitativo), mediante encuestas y entrevistas aplicadas a empresarios del sector comercio en los cantones objeto de estudio. A partir del análisis de variables como el entorno interno y externo, la gestión financiera, la innovación, el acceso a financiamiento y la percepción sobre el desempeño institucional, se identificaron los principales retos y oportunidades para las PYMES en su proceso de reactivación. Los resultados evidencian que, pese a las adversidades, muchas PYMES lograron implementar estrategias adaptativas, tales como la diversificación de productos y servicios, incorporación de tecnologías digitales, participación en programas de capacitación y búsqueda activa de financiamiento público y privado. No obstante, se observó una brecha significativa entre las políticas gubernamentales diseñadas y su impacto real en las empresas, producto de limitaciones estructurales en la implementación y escaso conocimiento por parte del empresariado sobre los mecanismos de apoyo disponibles. A nivel institucional, se identificaron esfuerzos por parte del gobierno central y entes descentralizados, como el IMAS, INDER, CCSS y el MEIC, enfocados en la inversión regional, desarrollo de capacidades, flexibilización de trámites y fortalecimiento del acceso al crédito. A pesar de ello, persiste una percepción generalizada entre los empresarios de que las medidas adoptadas han sido insuficientes, poco articuladas y de difícil acceso. Esta situación pone de manifiesto la necesidad de mejorar los canales de comunicación, simplificar los procesos administrativos y fortalecer el acompañamiento técnico. Otro hallazgo relevante fue la escasa implementación de sistemas de gestión del riesgo operacional por parte de las PYMES, lo cual representa una debilidad significativa frente a futuros escenarios de crisis. En este sentido, el estudio propone una guía metodológica para la elaboración e implementación de manuales de gestión del riesgo operacional, orientada a mejorar la resiliencia empresarial y garantizar la sostenibilidad a largo plazo. Como parte de las conclusiones, se destaca que el proceso de reactivación económica de las PYMES en la Región Brunca ha sido heterogéneo y dependiente en gran medida de la capacidad individual de adaptación de cada empresa, más que de una estrategia sistémica de apoyo institucional. Se recomienda fortalecer la articulación entre el sector público y privado, promover políticas diferenciadas según el tamaño y actividad económica de las empresas, e impulsar el uso de herramientas de planificación y gestión empresarial para reducir la vulnerabilidad ante futuras crisis. Este estudio representa un insumo valioso para la formulación de políticas públicas, el diseño de programas de apoyo a emprendedores y el fortalecimiento del ecosistema empresarial regional. Asimismo, ofrece información relevante para las propias PYMES, que podrán utilizar estos hallazgos para diseñar sus estrategias de crecimiento y sostenibilidad en un contexto económico cada vez más cambiante y desafiante.
This research work addresses the economic reactivation process of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the commerce sector, located in the cantons of Buenos Aires, Corredores, Coto Brus, Golfito, Osa and Puerto Jiménez, in the Brunca Region of Costa Rica, during the period following the COVID-19 pandemic, specifically between the years 2022 and 2023. The research is based on the recognition of the severe impacts caused by the pandemic on the national productive apparatus, especially on SMEs, which represent 97.4% of the total number of companies in the country and generate a significant contribution in terms of employment, economic development and social cohesion. The pandemic exposed the structural vulnerability of the commercial sector, causing temporary and permanent closures of businesses, decreased sales, reduction of personnel, and difficulties in accessing financing. These effects were more intense in regions such as Brunca, where socioeconomic conditions were already unfavorable before the health crisis. Given this reality, the study analyzes the strategies adopted by SMEs to face the crisis, as well as the institutional actions aimed at supporting their recovery. From a methodological perspective, a mixed approach (qualitative and quantitative) was developed through surveys and interviews with entrepreneurs in the trade sector in the cantons under study. Based on the analysis of variables such as the internal and external environment, financial management, innovation, access to financing and perception of institutional performance, the main challenges and opportunities for SMEs in their reactivation process were identified. The results show that, despite the adversities, many SMEs were able to implement adaptive strategies, such as diversification of products and services, incorporation of digital technologies, participation in training programs, and active search for public and private financing. However, there was a significant gap between the government policies designed and their real impact on companies, due to structural limitations in their implementation and a lack of knowledge on the part of the business community about the support mechanisms available. At the institutional level, efforts were made by the central government and decentralized entities, such as IMAS, INDER, CCSS and MEIC, focused on regional investment, capacity building, making procedures more flexible and strengthening access to credit. Despite this, there is still a general perception among businessmen that the measures adopted have been insufficient, not very effective, and that they have not been very effective. As part of the conclusions, the process of economic reactivation of SMEs in the Brunca Region has been heterogeneous and largely dependent on the individual capacity of each company to adapt, rather than on a systemic strategy of institutional support. It is recommended to strengthen the articulation between the public and private sectors, promote differentiated policies according to the size and economic activity of the enterprises, and promote the use of business planning and management tools to reduce vulnerability to future crises. This study represents a valuable input for the formulation of public policies, the design of programs to support entrepreneurs and the strengthening of the regional business ecosystem. It also provides relevant information for SMEs themselves, which will be able to use these findings to design their growth and sustainability strategies in an increasingly changing and challenging economic context.
This research work addresses the economic reactivation process of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the commerce sector, located in the cantons of Buenos Aires, Corredores, Coto Brus, Golfito, Osa and Puerto Jiménez, in the Brunca Region of Costa Rica, during the period following the COVID-19 pandemic, specifically between the years 2022 and 2023. The research is based on the recognition of the severe impacts caused by the pandemic on the national productive apparatus, especially on SMEs, which represent 97.4% of the total number of companies in the country and generate a significant contribution in terms of employment, economic development and social cohesion. The pandemic exposed the structural vulnerability of the commercial sector, causing temporary and permanent closures of businesses, decreased sales, reduction of personnel, and difficulties in accessing financing. These effects were more intense in regions such as Brunca, where socioeconomic conditions were already unfavorable before the health crisis. Given this reality, the study analyzes the strategies adopted by SMEs to face the crisis, as well as the institutional actions aimed at supporting their recovery. From a methodological perspective, a mixed approach (qualitative and quantitative) was developed through surveys and interviews with entrepreneurs in the trade sector in the cantons under study. Based on the analysis of variables such as the internal and external environment, financial management, innovation, access to financing and perception of institutional performance, the main challenges and opportunities for SMEs in their reactivation process were identified. The results show that, despite the adversities, many SMEs were able to implement adaptive strategies, such as diversification of products and services, incorporation of digital technologies, participation in training programs, and active search for public and private financing. However, there was a significant gap between the government policies designed and their real impact on companies, due to structural limitations in their implementation and a lack of knowledge on the part of the business community about the support mechanisms available. At the institutional level, efforts were made by the central government and decentralized entities, such as IMAS, INDER, CCSS and MEIC, focused on regional investment, capacity building, making procedures more flexible and strengthening access to credit. Despite this, there is still a general perception among businessmen that the measures adopted have been insufficient, not very effective, and that they have not been very effective. As part of the conclusions, the process of economic reactivation of SMEs in the Brunca Region has been heterogeneous and largely dependent on the individual capacity of each company to adapt, rather than on a systemic strategy of institutional support. It is recommended to strengthen the articulation between the public and private sectors, promote differentiated policies according to the size and economic activity of the enterprises, and promote the use of business planning and management tools to reduce vulnerability to future crises. This study represents a valuable input for the formulation of public policies, the design of programs to support entrepreneurs and the strengthening of the regional business ecosystem. It also provides relevant information for SMEs themselves, which will be able to use these findings to design their growth and sustainability strategies in an increasingly changing and challenging economic context.
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Palabras clave
COMERCIO, REGION BRUNCA, PYMES, COVID-19 (ENFERMEDAD), TRADE, COTO BRUS (PUNTARENAS), CORREDORES (PUNTARENAS), GOLFITO (PUNTARENAS), OSA (PUNTARENAS), PUERTO JIMENEZ (PUNTARENAS)