Escenarios para la gobernanza del agua: Un análisis de múltiples criterios en el municipio de Conchagua, El Salvador
Fecha
2017-09
Autores
Posada Vaquerano, Roxana Beatriz
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
En El Salvador existen importantes deficiencias en el acceso de agua potable a la
población, existiendo una brecha considerable entre la población rural y urbana; así
como una intermitencia en el servicio, casi de manera generalizada. Por otro lado, se
presenta una situación de grave degradación de los ecosistemas físicos relacionados
con el recurso hídrico, lo que afecta su calidad y disponibilidad para sus diferentes
usos. Esta situación puede atribuirse, en gran medida, al modelo de gestión del recurso
que ha prevalecido por años en el país, donde se tiene un marco institucional
fragmentado y con muchos vacíos, sin un enfoque de integralidad en la gestión y con
un proceso de descentralización incompleto e inadecuado, que ha llevado a que se
presenten graves conflictos en relación con el uso y aprovechamiento del recurso,
generando además deterioro de los sistemas naturales de agua.
En este sentido, generar los elementos necesarios para una gobernanza del agua a
nivel local se presenta como una alternativa, para que las comunidades y territorios
puedan satisfacer sus necesidades del recurso, promoviendo una visión más integral
en el manejo del mismo.
En esta investigación se analizan los procesos de gobernanza del agua a nivel local
en El Salvador, utilizando como caso de estudio el Municipio de Conchagua, donde se
describe la relación entre los actores involucrados, su relación con el recurso hídrico,
los elementos institucionales predominantes y los conflictos existentes alrededor del
agua, con la finalidad de identificar alternativas que conduzcan a una mejor gestión del
recurso en el territorio. Para el estudio de caso, se utilizó la metodología de Análisis de
Múltiples Criterios (AMC), para la construcción de escenarios futuros.
In El Salvador there are some deficiencies related with the access to potable water, with a considerable gap between the rural and urban population; as well as an intermittence in the service almost of generalized way. On the other hand, there is a situation of serious degradation of the physical ecosystems related with the water resource, which affects its quality and availability for different uses. This situation can be attributed, in large measure, to the management model that has been settle for years in the country. In this model there is observed a fragmented institutional framework, without a focus on management integrality and an incomplete decentralization process that has led to serious conflicts related with the water use and also causing deterioration of natural water systems. In this sense, generating the necessary elements for local water governance is presented as an alternative for communities and territories to meet their resource needs and promote a more integral vision in the management of water. This research analyzes the local water governance processes in El Salvador using the case of the Municipality of Conchagua. This case study describes the relationship between the actors involved, their relationship with the water resource, the predominant institutional elements, and the conflicts around the water. In addition, alternatives that lead to a better management of the resource in the territory are identifying. For the case study we used the methodology of Multiple Criteria Analysis for the construction of future scenarios. Related with the water governance process in the case study, it is observed that there have been several approaches to address the water problem depending on who is in charge of the municipal administration, there has been no continuity and the public policy regarding the subject is not clear. On the other hand, decision-making is focused on a group of political actors and other actors in society have not been considered for prioritizing projects and designing solutions to existing conflict.
In El Salvador there are some deficiencies related with the access to potable water, with a considerable gap between the rural and urban population; as well as an intermittence in the service almost of generalized way. On the other hand, there is a situation of serious degradation of the physical ecosystems related with the water resource, which affects its quality and availability for different uses. This situation can be attributed, in large measure, to the management model that has been settle for years in the country. In this model there is observed a fragmented institutional framework, without a focus on management integrality and an incomplete decentralization process that has led to serious conflicts related with the water use and also causing deterioration of natural water systems. In this sense, generating the necessary elements for local water governance is presented as an alternative for communities and territories to meet their resource needs and promote a more integral vision in the management of water. This research analyzes the local water governance processes in El Salvador using the case of the Municipality of Conchagua. This case study describes the relationship between the actors involved, their relationship with the water resource, the predominant institutional elements, and the conflicts around the water. In addition, alternatives that lead to a better management of the resource in the territory are identifying. For the case study we used the methodology of Multiple Criteria Analysis for the construction of future scenarios. Related with the water governance process in the case study, it is observed that there have been several approaches to address the water problem depending on who is in charge of the municipal administration, there has been no continuity and the public policy regarding the subject is not clear. On the other hand, decision-making is focused on a group of political actors and other actors in society have not been considered for prioritizing projects and designing solutions to existing conflict.
Descripción
Palabras clave
EL SALVADOR, AGUA POTABLE, RECURSO HÍDRICO, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ECONOMÍA, DRINKING WATER, HIDRIC RESOURCE, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMY