Efectos de la aplicación de la Ley N° 9986, General de Contratación Pública, sobre la gestión de compras en el Poder Judicial: Estudio de caso en la Administración Regional de Pérez Zeledón
Fecha
2026-01-09
Autores
Ovares Barrantes, Mariana
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Editor
Centro Internacional de Política Económica para el Desarrollo Sostenible (CINPE)
Resumen
El sector público de Costa Rica ha enfrentado grandes desafíos durante los últimos años debido a una situación fiscal limitada. Ante este escenario de incertidumbre, el Gobierno ha centrado sus esfuerzos en optimizar el uso de los recursos públicos para hacer frente a dicha problemática. En este marco, se han impulsado distintas reformas legales orientadas a fortalecer la gestión de las finanzas públicas. Entre ellas, la reforma al Sistema de Contratación Pública, materializada en la Ley N° 9986, General de Contratación Pública y su Reglamento (Decreto Ejecutivo N° 43808-H), cuyo propósito es consolidar las compras del sector público como un instrumento de política económica, alineado con los objetivos estratégico del Estado.
Para ello, en esta investigación se analizó la cadena de resultados de las compras públicas y los actores que intervienen en el proceso de abastecimiento de bienes, servicios y obras, además, de la jerarquía de las normas de contratación pública en Costa Rica. Se describieron los componentes teóricos del marco normativo, entre ellos; los principios éticos vinculados a la eficacia de los procedimientos, y al mejor uso de los recursos disponibles. Se enfatizó el papel de la contratación pública electrónica y su evolución, la importancia de la incorporación de criterios estratégicos de la Compra Pública Estratégica (CPE) y Compra Pública Innovadora (CPI) y el papel que desempeña el Plan Nacional de Compra Pública (PNCP). Se detallaron las etapas del procedimiento de compra pública y los umbrales de contratación y se realizó un análisis de la Profesionalización y Acreditación de las Unidades de Compra. El enfoque empleado en este trabajo de investigación es mixto (cualitativo y cuantitativo). Se aplicó un cuestionario digital al personal involucrado en los procesos de compra de la Administración Regional del ICJZS (unidad de estudio) y una entrevista a la jefatura del Departamento de Proveeduría. Se utilizaron datos históricos del SIGA-PJ y datos de los Planes Anuales de Compra de la Unidad de Estudio. Se analizaron documentos de la Dirección de Contratación Pública (DCoP) del Ministerio de Hacienda, informes de la OCDE y la RICG, además de informes internos del Poder Judicial.
Entre los resultados obtenidos, se determinó que la capacidad de gestión de la unidad de estudio, en cuanto a la operacionalización y el cumplimiento razonable del marco normativo, evidencia un cumplimiento parcial de los criterios analizados. Lo anterior, debido a que existe la necesidad de reforzar acciones para reducir riesgos de corrupción e, incentivar y promover la CPE y CPI. Se detectó que, aunque los errores son bajos, estos se presentan en la etapa inicial del procedimiento, lo que repercute en el avance hacia las posteriores etapas. Asimismo, al comparar el comportamiento del presupuesto de gastos de la partida 05 “Bienes Duraderos” durante el periodo previo a la reforma (2021-2022), se obtuvo un promedio de 90.56%, mientras que, en el en periodo posterior (2023-2024) se observó una caída inicial pronunciada en 2023, que comprometió la capacidad de gestión en el corto plazo; sin embargo, se observó su recuperación para el 2024. En promedio, se alcanzó un 20.40% de ejecución para el periodo posterior a la reforma. Por su parte, la valoración del gobierno corporativo evidenció la necesidad de implementar oportunidades de mejora en los procesos de contratación, tales como: la rendición de cuentas, la transparencia e integridad institucional, y el fortalecimiento de Sistema de Control Interno. Estos elementos contribuyen a verificar que los mecanismos y las políticas garanticen el cumplimiento ético y responsable en las compras públicas.
En conclusión, se obtuvo que la nueva normativa introdujo modificaciones drásticas en los procesos, cambiando profundamente el objetivo y sentido de las compras, en comparación con la legislación de hace treinta años, ya que se estimula la dinamización del sector privado, sin embargo, resulta indispensable que el sector público evolucione y adopte una gestión moderna. En el análisis de la capacidad de gestión, se ubicó a la unidad de estudio en la clasificación “Nivel 3-Definiendo”, no obstante, se recomienda encaminar acciones para evolucionar hacia la gestión excelente “Nivel 5-Perfeccionado” establecida por la DCoP. En este contexto, la unidad de estudio evidenció esfuerzos para asegurar que la normativa se implemente de manera progresiva, por lo que actualmente se encuentra en una etapa crucial de adaptación y consolidación de las disposiciones de la Ley N° 9986 LGCP y su Reglamento.
Por lo que se recomienda a la unidad de estudio avanzar en la adopción de contratos continuados de cuatro años para optimizar los recursos, monitorear constantemente los procesos de compra en trámite mediante el SICOP dada la reducción significativa de los plazos, dar seguimiento al Plan Anual de Compras, fortalecer la planificación estratégica al iniciar los procedimientos de contratación al menos tres meses antes de la liberación de los recursos presupuestarios (enero a marzo). Por otra parte, reforzar acciones de mitigación de riesgos de corrupción, robustecer el actuar ético por medio de programas preventivos de riesgos de corrupción, desarrollar capacitaciones de control interno, incorporar los riesgos asociados a la contratación pública en el Sistema Especifico de Riesgos institucional (SEVRI), oficializar instrumentos normativos como el Código de Ética para funcionarios públicos y proveedores, implementar auditorias de carácter especial. Además, fortalecer e incentivar las capacidades técnicas de los funcionarios en cumplimiento con el Plan Estratégico de Profesionalización de la DCoP, promover mediante la actualización de la normativa la Compra Pública Estratégica (CPE) y la Compra Pública de Innovación (CPI), así como superar las barreras de hecho que dificulten su implementación. Finalmente, se recomienda valorar la experiencia de otras instituciones estatales, identificando practicas innovadoras y eficientes para adoptar aquellos mecanismos que contribuyan al fortalecimiento del marco de compras en la propia institución.
The public sector in Costa Rica has faced significant challenges in recent years due to fiscal constraints. In this context of uncertainty, the Government has focused its efforts on optimizing the use of public resources to address this issue. Within this framework, various legal reforms have been promoted to strengthen the management of public finances. Among them is the reform of the Public Procurement System, materialized in Law N°. 9986 General Law of Public Procurement and its Regulation (Executive Decree No. 43808-H), whose purpose is to consolidate public sector purchasing as an instrument of economic policy, aligned with the State's strategic objectives. For this purpose, this research aims to study the results chain of public procurement and the actors involved in the supply process of goods, services, and works, as well as the hierarchy of public procurement regulations. The theoretical components of the regulatory framework were described, including ethical principles related to procedural efficiency and optimal use of available resources. Emphasis was placed on the role and evolution of electronic public procurement, the importance of incorporating strategic criteria for Strategic Public Procurement (SPP) and Innovative Public Procurement (IPP), and the role played by the National Public Procurement Plan (NPPP). The stages of the public procurement procedure and the contracting thresholds were detailed, as well as an analysis of the Professionalization and Accreditation of Procurement Units. The research adopts an approach (qualitative and quantitative). A digital questionnaire was administered to staff involved in the purchasing processes of the Regional Administration of ICJZS and an interview was conducted with the head of the Procurement Department. Historical data from SIGA-PJ and data from the Annual Procurement Plans of the Study Unit were used. Documents from the Directorate of Public Procurement (DCoP) of the Ministry of Finance, reports from OECD and RICG, as well as internal reports from the Judiciary, were analyzed. The results show that the management capacity of the Study Unit for the operationalization and reasonable compliance with the regulatory framework demonstrated partial fulfillment with the analyzed criteria, as there remains a need to strengthen actions to reduce risks of corruption, and to encourage and promote SPP and IPP. It was found that, although errors are infrequent, they occur in the initial stage of the procedure, affecting progress in subsequent stages. Furthermore, when comparing the budget execution for item 05, “Durable Goods,” during the prior period to the reform (2021-2022), an average execution rate of 90.56% was observed. After the reform (2023-2024), there was a sharp initial decline in 2023, compromising short-term management capacity, but a recovery was observed in 2024. On average, a 20.40% execution rate was achieved for the period after the reform. The assessment of corporate governance also revealed the need to implement improvement opportunities in procurement processes, particularly regarding accountability, transparency, and institutional integrity, as well as strengthening the Internal Control System elements that help determine whether mechanisms and policies ensure ethical and responsible compliance in public procurement. In conclusion, the new regulation introduced drastic changes to processes, profoundly transforming the purpose and objectives of procurement compared to the legislation from thirty years ago, as it seeks to stimulate the dynamization of the private sector. However, the public sector needs to evolve and adopt modern management practices. The management capacity analysis classified the Study Unit as “Level 3-Defining”; however, actions are recommended to advance towards excellent management (“Level 5-Advanced”), as established by the DCoP. In this context, the Regional Administration of ICJZS within the Judiciary demonstrates efforts to ensure the regulation is progressively implemented, and it is at a crucial stage of adapting and consolidating the provisions of Law No. 9986 LGCP and its Regulation. It is therefore recommended that the study unit advance in the adoption of four-year continuing contracts to optimize resources, constantly monitor ongoing purchasing processes through SICOP, given the significant reduction in timelines, follow up on the Annual Purchasing Plan, and strengthen strategic planning by initiating procurement procedures at least three months before the release of budgetary resources (January to March). Furthermore, actions to mitigate corruption risks should be reinforced, ethical conduct should be strengthened through preventive corruption risk programs, internal control training should be developed, risks associated with public procurement should be incorporated into the institution's Specific Risk Management System (SEVRI), normative instruments such as the Code of Ethics for public officials and suppliers should be formalized, and special audits should be implemented. In addition, the technical capacities of officials should be strengthened and incentivized in compliance with the Strategic Professionalization Plan of the DCoP, Strategic Public Procurement (CPP) and Public Procurement of Innovation (CPI) should be promoted through updated regulations, as well as overcoming tangible barriers that hinder their implementation. Finally, it is recommended to assess the experience of other state institutions, identifying innovative and efficient practices to adopt those mechanisms that contribute to strengthening the institution’s own procurement framework.
The public sector in Costa Rica has faced significant challenges in recent years due to fiscal constraints. In this context of uncertainty, the Government has focused its efforts on optimizing the use of public resources to address this issue. Within this framework, various legal reforms have been promoted to strengthen the management of public finances. Among them is the reform of the Public Procurement System, materialized in Law N°. 9986 General Law of Public Procurement and its Regulation (Executive Decree No. 43808-H), whose purpose is to consolidate public sector purchasing as an instrument of economic policy, aligned with the State's strategic objectives. For this purpose, this research aims to study the results chain of public procurement and the actors involved in the supply process of goods, services, and works, as well as the hierarchy of public procurement regulations. The theoretical components of the regulatory framework were described, including ethical principles related to procedural efficiency and optimal use of available resources. Emphasis was placed on the role and evolution of electronic public procurement, the importance of incorporating strategic criteria for Strategic Public Procurement (SPP) and Innovative Public Procurement (IPP), and the role played by the National Public Procurement Plan (NPPP). The stages of the public procurement procedure and the contracting thresholds were detailed, as well as an analysis of the Professionalization and Accreditation of Procurement Units. The research adopts an approach (qualitative and quantitative). A digital questionnaire was administered to staff involved in the purchasing processes of the Regional Administration of ICJZS and an interview was conducted with the head of the Procurement Department. Historical data from SIGA-PJ and data from the Annual Procurement Plans of the Study Unit were used. Documents from the Directorate of Public Procurement (DCoP) of the Ministry of Finance, reports from OECD and RICG, as well as internal reports from the Judiciary, were analyzed. The results show that the management capacity of the Study Unit for the operationalization and reasonable compliance with the regulatory framework demonstrated partial fulfillment with the analyzed criteria, as there remains a need to strengthen actions to reduce risks of corruption, and to encourage and promote SPP and IPP. It was found that, although errors are infrequent, they occur in the initial stage of the procedure, affecting progress in subsequent stages. Furthermore, when comparing the budget execution for item 05, “Durable Goods,” during the prior period to the reform (2021-2022), an average execution rate of 90.56% was observed. After the reform (2023-2024), there was a sharp initial decline in 2023, compromising short-term management capacity, but a recovery was observed in 2024. On average, a 20.40% execution rate was achieved for the period after the reform. The assessment of corporate governance also revealed the need to implement improvement opportunities in procurement processes, particularly regarding accountability, transparency, and institutional integrity, as well as strengthening the Internal Control System elements that help determine whether mechanisms and policies ensure ethical and responsible compliance in public procurement. In conclusion, the new regulation introduced drastic changes to processes, profoundly transforming the purpose and objectives of procurement compared to the legislation from thirty years ago, as it seeks to stimulate the dynamization of the private sector. However, the public sector needs to evolve and adopt modern management practices. The management capacity analysis classified the Study Unit as “Level 3-Defining”; however, actions are recommended to advance towards excellent management (“Level 5-Advanced”), as established by the DCoP. In this context, the Regional Administration of ICJZS within the Judiciary demonstrates efforts to ensure the regulation is progressively implemented, and it is at a crucial stage of adapting and consolidating the provisions of Law No. 9986 LGCP and its Regulation. It is therefore recommended that the study unit advance in the adoption of four-year continuing contracts to optimize resources, constantly monitor ongoing purchasing processes through SICOP, given the significant reduction in timelines, follow up on the Annual Purchasing Plan, and strengthen strategic planning by initiating procurement procedures at least three months before the release of budgetary resources (January to March). Furthermore, actions to mitigate corruption risks should be reinforced, ethical conduct should be strengthened through preventive corruption risk programs, internal control training should be developed, risks associated with public procurement should be incorporated into the institution's Specific Risk Management System (SEVRI), normative instruments such as the Code of Ethics for public officials and suppliers should be formalized, and special audits should be implemented. In addition, the technical capacities of officials should be strengthened and incentivized in compliance with the Strategic Professionalization Plan of the DCoP, Strategic Public Procurement (CPP) and Public Procurement of Innovation (CPI) should be promoted through updated regulations, as well as overcoming tangible barriers that hinder their implementation. Finally, it is recommended to assess the experience of other state institutions, identifying innovative and efficient practices to adopt those mechanisms that contribute to strengthening the institution’s own procurement framework.
Descripción
Palabras clave
COMPRA, PRESUPUESTO, CALIDAD, GESTIÓN, LEGISLACIÓN, BUYS, BUDGET, QUALITY, MANAGEMENT, LEGISLATION
