Relación entre la concentración de microcistinas en lagunas de tratamiento de agua residual en Cañas-Guanacaste y la abundancia de cianobacterias
Fecha
2020
Autores
Brenes Tortós, Gabriela
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Editor
Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)
Resumen
Las microcistinas (MC) son toxinas hepatotóxicas producidas por numerosos géneros de cianobacterias bajo condiciones específicas. En este estudio se evaluó la concentración de MC en el sistema lagunar de tratamiento de agua residual de Cañas (Guanacaste) administrado por el Instituto de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (AyA), mediante un ensayo de inmunoabsorción ligado a enzimas (ELISA). Además, se evaluó la abundancia de cianobacterias, mediante la técnica de conteo celular con cámara Sedgewick-Rafter y metagenómica. Se realizaron extracciones de ADN de agua filtrada, secuenciación NGS mediante la amplificación de las regiones V3-V4 del gen 16S y el análisis de las secuencias utilizando el paquete estadístico Dada2 de Rproject 3.4.3®. El conteo en cámara determinó que los géneros de cianobacterias más abundantes fueron Planktothrix Arthrospira y Microcystis en las cuatro lagunas. Así mismo, se encontraron diferencias significativas entre estas y los muestreos. Por otra parte, los análisis de metagenómica mostraron mayor riqueza de variantes de secuencia de amplicón (ASVs) en las lagunas 1 y 2 y mayor presencia del filo Cyanobacteria, en todas las lagunas; así mismo el género Planktothrix predominó en las lagunas 1 y 2, mientras que Cyanobium en las lagunas 3 y 4, a su vez mostró mayor riqueza de cianobacterias que el obtenido mediante el conteo celular. Las mediciones de MC determinaron niveles entre 0,5 ppb y 3,0 ppb en las lagunas 2 y 3 en el mes de septiembre y niveles inferiores a 0,5 ppb en los demás muestreos. Las diferencias en la abundancia de cianobacterias en las lagunas y periodos de muestreo se pueden deber a la existencia de condiciones físicas, químicas y ambientales que podrían modificar la estructura poblacional, así mismo los géneros microbianos y cianobacterianos encontrados concuerdan con otros estudios lo que evidencia que la composición poblacional de estos organismos cumple una función en la remediación de los sistemas de tratamiento de agua residual. La presencia de organismos productores de MC no es el único factor que se debe tomar en cuenta para explicar las variaciones en la concentración de esta toxina, ya que factores genéticos, físicos, ecológicos y ambientales influyen en la concentración de cianotoxinas en el agua. Por último, se muestra la importancia de complementar la técnica tradicional de conteo en cámara para la determinación de abundancia con la técnica de metagenómica, ya que esta mostró ser más sensible y permite identificar géneros menos representativos en las muestras.
Microcystins (MC) are hepatotoxic toxins produced by numerous genera of cyanobacteria under specific conditions. In this study, the concentration of MC was evaluated in the lagoon wastewater treatment system of Cañas (Guanacaste) administered by the Instituto de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (AyA), by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, the abundance of cyanobacteria was evaluated using the cell counting technique with a Sedgewick-Rafter camera and metagenomics. DNA extractions from filtered water, NGS sequencing by amplifying the V3-V4 regions of the 16S gene and sequence analysis using the Rproject 3.4.3® Dada2 statistical package were performed. The chamber count determined that the most abundant genera of cyanobacteria were Planktothrix Arthrospira and Microcystis in the four lagoons. Likewise, significant differences were found between these and the samplings. On the other hand, the metagenomic analyzes showed a greater richness of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) in lagoons 1 and 2 and a greater presence of the Cyanobacteria phylum in all lagoons; Likewise, the genus Planktothrix predominated in lagoons 1 and 2, while Cyanobium in lagoons 3 and 4, in turn, showed a greater richness of cyanobacteria than that obtained by cell count. The MC measurements determined levels between 0.5 ppb and 3.0 ppb in lagoons 2 and 3 in the month of September and levels lower than 0.5 ppb in the other samplings. The differences in the abundance of cyanobacteria in the lagoons and sampling periods may be due to the existence of physical, chemical and environmental conditions that could modify the population structure, likewise the microbial and cyanobacterial genera found agree with other studies, which shows that The population composition of these organisms plays a role in the remediation of wastewater treatment systems. The presence of MC-producing organisms is not the only factor that must be taken into account to explain the variations in the concentration of this toxin, since genetic, physical, ecological and environmental factors influence the concentration of cyanotoxins in water. Lastly, the importance of complementing the traditional camera counting technique for determining abundance with the metagenomics technique is shown, since it proved to be more sensitive and allows the identification of less representative genera in the samples.
Microcystins (MC) are hepatotoxic toxins produced by numerous genera of cyanobacteria under specific conditions. In this study, the concentration of MC was evaluated in the lagoon wastewater treatment system of Cañas (Guanacaste) administered by the Instituto de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (AyA), by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, the abundance of cyanobacteria was evaluated using the cell counting technique with a Sedgewick-Rafter camera and metagenomics. DNA extractions from filtered water, NGS sequencing by amplifying the V3-V4 regions of the 16S gene and sequence analysis using the Rproject 3.4.3® Dada2 statistical package were performed. The chamber count determined that the most abundant genera of cyanobacteria were Planktothrix Arthrospira and Microcystis in the four lagoons. Likewise, significant differences were found between these and the samplings. On the other hand, the metagenomic analyzes showed a greater richness of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) in lagoons 1 and 2 and a greater presence of the Cyanobacteria phylum in all lagoons; Likewise, the genus Planktothrix predominated in lagoons 1 and 2, while Cyanobium in lagoons 3 and 4, in turn, showed a greater richness of cyanobacteria than that obtained by cell count. The MC measurements determined levels between 0.5 ppb and 3.0 ppb in lagoons 2 and 3 in the month of September and levels lower than 0.5 ppb in the other samplings. The differences in the abundance of cyanobacteria in the lagoons and sampling periods may be due to the existence of physical, chemical and environmental conditions that could modify the population structure, likewise the microbial and cyanobacterial genera found agree with other studies, which shows that The population composition of these organisms plays a role in the remediation of wastewater treatment systems. The presence of MC-producing organisms is not the only factor that must be taken into account to explain the variations in the concentration of this toxin, since genetic, physical, ecological and environmental factors influence the concentration of cyanotoxins in water. Lastly, the importance of complementing the traditional camera counting technique for determining abundance with the metagenomics technique is shown, since it proved to be more sensitive and allows the identification of less representative genera in the samples.
Descripción
Brenes Tortós, G. (2020). Relación entre la concentración de microcistinas en lagunas de tratamiento de agua residual en Cañas-Guanacaste y la abundancia de cianobacterias. [Tesis de Licenciatura]. Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica.
Palabras clave
EFLUENTES, LAGUNAS, LAGOONS, SALUD PUBLICA, PUBLIC HEALTH, CYANOBACTERIA, BACTERIAS, CALIDAD DEL AGUA, ORGANISMOS PATOGENOS, CAÑAS (GUANACASTE), BIOTECNOLOGÍA