Dimensiones subjetivas involucradas en el proceso migratorio de personas miskitas residentes en Finca San Juan de Pavas en San José, Costa Rica, desde el año 1983 hasta el año 2012
Fecha
2019-03
Autores
Rodríguez Arce, Gabriela
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Editor
Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica). Escuela de Psicología
Resumen
En Costa Rica se ha indagado ampliamente acerca de la migración de personas nicaragüenses y
colombianas, sin embargo, en el país existen otros grupos de población migrante que merecen
atención, tal es el caso de las poblaciones indígenas y afrodescendientes. Es central profundizar
el conocimiento sobre estas poblaciones, debido a los procesos de discriminación y racialización
que han enfrentado. A raíz de esto, este estudio centró su interés en la comunidad miskita de
origen nicaragüense, grupo originario que se ubica en la Costa Caribe Norte de ese país, y que,
durante los últimos treinta años, ha incrementado su presencia en Costa Rica.
El objetivo general de este estudio fue analizar las principales dimensiones subjetivas
involucradas en el proceso migratorio que realizan personas miskitas residentes en Finca San
Juan de Pavas en San José, Costa Rica, desde el año 1983 hasta el año 2012.
La investigación es cualitativa de tipo exploratoria; para la recolección de la información se
utilizó la entrevista en profundidad, un grupo de discusión y la observación no participante. El
estudio contó con la participación de siete personas miskitas que al momento de las entrevistas
residían en Finca San Juan de Pavas.
Como hallazgos, se menciona que la migración de las personas participantes se ubican en dos
momentos bien definidos: el primero de ellos se da producto del conflicto bélico que atravesó el
país nicaragüense durante la década de 1980; el segundo momento ocurrió posterior al año 2010,
lo cual permite suponer que estas migraciones ocurrieron a causa de las dificultades sociales,
económicas y laborales que enfrenta Nicaragua, y particularmente, la población de las Regiones
Autónomas de la Costa Caribe nicaragüense, aumentando la brecha entre la zona atlántica y un
Estado nicaragüense, ya de por sí empobrecido producto de sus leyes y accionar político
(Hooker, 2013)v
Además, que la subjetividad de las personas encuentra una importante componente afectivo
producto de sus vivencias y experiencias antes, durante y después de haber realizado el
desplazamiento migratorio. Asimismo, se destaca la importancia del aspecto espiritual y
lingüístico para las personas participantes, vistas como una forma de resistencia dentro de un
contexto que amenaza con desaparecer su cultura, pero también como una oportunidad para
hacer comunidad, lo cual da herramientas para sobrellevar la migración. El estudio también
permitió reconocer que a la sociedad costarricense le resta mucho trabajo por hacer respecto a la
protección y cumplimiento de derechos humanos, laborales y culturales de la comunidad
indígena migrante que reside en el país.
Falta mucha investigación por desarrollar acerca de este grupo poblacional; este estudio fue un
acercamiento al proceso migratorio que realizó un grupo de personas miskitas hacia un barrio de
la capital costarricense. En este sentido, se plantean una serie de recomendaciones para futuras
investigaciones, así como para las instancias universitarias y del Estado, en aras de contribuir a
mejorar las condiciones de vida de estas personas.
In Costa Rica, there has been extensive research on the migration of Nicaraguan and Colombian people, however, in the country there are other groups of the migrant population that deserve attention, such is the case of indigenous and Afro-descendant populations. It is essential to deepen the knowledge about these populations, due to the processes of discrimination and racialization that they have faced. As a result, this study focused its interest on the Miskito community of Nicaraguan origin, an original group that is located on the North Caribbean Coast of that country, and that, during the last thirty years, has increased its presence in Costa Rica. The general objective of this study was to analyze the main subjective dimensions involved in the migratory process carried out by Miskito people residing at Finca San Juan de Pavas in San José, Costa Rica, from 1983 to 2012. The research is qualitative of the type exploratory; the in-depth interview, a discussion group and non-participant observation were used to collect the information. The study included the participation of seven Miskito people who at the time of the interviews resided in Finca San Juan de Pavas. As findings, it is mentioned that the migration of the participating people is located in two well-defined moments: the first of them occurs as a result of the warlike conflict that the Nicaraguan country went through during the 1980s; the second moment occurred after 2010, which allows us to suppose that these migrations occurred because of the social, economic and labor difficulties faced by Nicaragua, and particularly, the population of the Autonomous Regions of the Nicaraguan Caribbean Coast, increasing the gap between the Atlantic zone and a Nicaraguan State, already impoverished as a result of its laws and political actions (Hooker, 2013). In addition, the subjectivity of people finds an important affective component as a result of their experiences and experiences before, during and after having made the migratory displacement. Likewise, the importance of the spiritual and linguistic aspect for the participants is highlighted, seen as a form of resistance within a context that threatens to disappear their culture, but also as an opportunity to build community, which provides tools to cope with migration. . The study also made it possible to recognize that Costa Rican society still has a lot of work to do regarding the protection and fulfillment of human, labor and cultural rights of the migrant indigenous community that resides in the country. Much research remains to be done on this population group; This study was an approach to the migratory process carried out by a group of Miskito people to a neighborhood in the Costa Rican capital. In this sense, a series of recommendations are proposed for future research, as well as for the university and State authorities, in order to contribute to improving the living conditions of these people.
In Costa Rica, there has been extensive research on the migration of Nicaraguan and Colombian people, however, in the country there are other groups of the migrant population that deserve attention, such is the case of indigenous and Afro-descendant populations. It is essential to deepen the knowledge about these populations, due to the processes of discrimination and racialization that they have faced. As a result, this study focused its interest on the Miskito community of Nicaraguan origin, an original group that is located on the North Caribbean Coast of that country, and that, during the last thirty years, has increased its presence in Costa Rica. The general objective of this study was to analyze the main subjective dimensions involved in the migratory process carried out by Miskito people residing at Finca San Juan de Pavas in San José, Costa Rica, from 1983 to 2012. The research is qualitative of the type exploratory; the in-depth interview, a discussion group and non-participant observation were used to collect the information. The study included the participation of seven Miskito people who at the time of the interviews resided in Finca San Juan de Pavas. As findings, it is mentioned that the migration of the participating people is located in two well-defined moments: the first of them occurs as a result of the warlike conflict that the Nicaraguan country went through during the 1980s; the second moment occurred after 2010, which allows us to suppose that these migrations occurred because of the social, economic and labor difficulties faced by Nicaragua, and particularly, the population of the Autonomous Regions of the Nicaraguan Caribbean Coast, increasing the gap between the Atlantic zone and a Nicaraguan State, already impoverished as a result of its laws and political actions (Hooker, 2013). In addition, the subjectivity of people finds an important affective component as a result of their experiences and experiences before, during and after having made the migratory displacement. Likewise, the importance of the spiritual and linguistic aspect for the participants is highlighted, seen as a form of resistance within a context that threatens to disappear their culture, but also as an opportunity to build community, which provides tools to cope with migration. . The study also made it possible to recognize that Costa Rican society still has a lot of work to do regarding the protection and fulfillment of human, labor and cultural rights of the migrant indigenous community that resides in the country. Much research remains to be done on this population group; This study was an approach to the migratory process carried out by a group of Miskito people to a neighborhood in the Costa Rican capital. In this sense, a series of recommendations are proposed for future research, as well as for the university and State authorities, in order to contribute to improving the living conditions of these people.
Descripción
Palabras clave
SAN JOSÉ (COSTA RICA), MIGRACIÓN, MIGRATION, DERECHOS HUMANOS, HUMAN RIGHTS, CONDICIONES DE VIDA, LIFE CONDITIONS, ETNICIDAD, Ethnicity, MISKITOS (ABORIGENES), MISKITOS (ABORIGINES)