Estudio de la calidad del agua superficial y su relación con las características socioambientales en la parte alta de la microcuenca del Río Poás
Fecha
2020
Autores
Arce Villalobos, Kelvin Andrés
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Editor
Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)
Resumen
La dinámica poblacional de la parte alta de la microcuenca del río Poás, supone la existencia de una afectación al recurso hídrico superficial, ante los cambios de tipo social en temas de desarrollo urbano y gestión del agua. Bajo este precedente, se desarrolló la evaluación de la calidad del agua superficial, la identificación y priorización de presiones socioambientales y la generación de recomendaciones fundamentadas en la sostenibilidad de la microcuenca. Se analizaron siete zonas representativas entre junio del 2019 y enero del 2020, en cuatro campañas de muestreo distribuidas según la época y evaluando parámetros físicos, químicos y microbiológicos. La evidencia mostró cumplimiento mayoritario de los parámetros con los límites de la Clase 1 de la regulación costarricense y lo estipulado por la OMS. Sin embargo, la turbidez, los sólidos totales, la demanda bioquímica de oxígeno, el nitrato, el fosfato, los coliformes totales y la Escherichia coli, presentaron magnitudes superiores a los límites indicados. La aplicación de dos índices de calidad del agua, reveló niveles de calidad buena y media con un grado de contaminación incipiente. Estadísticamente, se encontró que la calidad del agua de la microcuenca no varía espacialmente; sin embargo, sí lo hace con la época; además se determinaron 90 correlaciones significativas entre los parámetros monitoreados. Adicionalmente, cinco componentes principales permitieron explicar el 84,4 % de la varianza de los datos. La primera y segunda componente, presentaron parámetros con un nexo de causalidad en términos de afectación al recurso, ligado con procesos de escorrentía y de descarga de agua residual. Estas componentes mostraron que los sitios monitoreados en época lluviosa mantienen mayor relación con parámetros asociados con contaminación orgánica, en tanto en época seca los sitios guardan mayor conexión con los principales iones; hallazgos que se ligaron con los efectos generados por los patrones de lluvia de cada época. Finalmente, las seis presiones socioambientales identificadas permitieron responder afirmativamente a la hipótesis del estudio, dado que la evidencia indicó que éstas influyen negativamente en la calidad del agua superficial. Por tanto, se plantea la necesidad de coordinar esfuerzos que garanticen la sostenibilidad de la microcuenca, mejorar la infraestructura sanitaria local, fortalecer los procesos de gestión del agua y establecer una red de monitoreo bajo un marco de referencia con visión de cuenca.
The population dynamics of the upper part of the Poás river micro-basin, supposes the existence of an affectation to the superficial water resource, before the social changes in urban development and water management issues. Under this precedent, the evaluation of surface water quality, the identification and prioritization of socio-environmental pressures and the generation of recommendations based on the sustainability of the micro-basin were developed. Seven representative areas were analyzed between June 2019 and January 2020, in four sampling campaigns distributed according to the season and evaluating physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. The evidence showed majority compliance of the parameters with the limits of Class 1 of the Costa Rican regulation and that stipulated by the WHO. However, turbidity, total solids, biochemical oxygen demand, nitrate, phosphate, total coliforms and Escherichia coli, presented magnitudes higher than the indicated limits. The application of two water quality indices revealed good and medium quality levels with an incipient degree of contamination. Statistically, it was found that the water quality of the micro-basin does not vary spatially; however, it does do so with the times; In addition, 90 significant correlations were determined between the monitored parameters. Additionally, five main components explained 84.4% of the variance of the data. The first and second components presented parameters with a causal link in terms of impact on the resource, linked to runoff and wastewater discharge processes. These components showed that the sites monitored in the rainy season have a greater relationship with parameters associated with organic contamination, while in the dry season the sites have a greater connection with the main ions; findings that were linked to the effects generated by the rain patterns of each season. Finally, the six identified socio-environmental pressures allowed an affirmative answer to the hypothesis of the study, since the evidence indicated that these negatively influence the quality of surface water. Therefore, the need arises to coordinate efforts that guarantee the sustainability of the micro-basin, improve the local sanitary infrastructure, strengthen the water management processes and establish a monitoring network under a framework with a basin vision.
The population dynamics of the upper part of the Poás river micro-basin, supposes the existence of an affectation to the superficial water resource, before the social changes in urban development and water management issues. Under this precedent, the evaluation of surface water quality, the identification and prioritization of socio-environmental pressures and the generation of recommendations based on the sustainability of the micro-basin were developed. Seven representative areas were analyzed between June 2019 and January 2020, in four sampling campaigns distributed according to the season and evaluating physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. The evidence showed majority compliance of the parameters with the limits of Class 1 of the Costa Rican regulation and that stipulated by the WHO. However, turbidity, total solids, biochemical oxygen demand, nitrate, phosphate, total coliforms and Escherichia coli, presented magnitudes higher than the indicated limits. The application of two water quality indices revealed good and medium quality levels with an incipient degree of contamination. Statistically, it was found that the water quality of the micro-basin does not vary spatially; however, it does do so with the times; In addition, 90 significant correlations were determined between the monitored parameters. Additionally, five main components explained 84.4% of the variance of the data. The first and second components presented parameters with a causal link in terms of impact on the resource, linked to runoff and wastewater discharge processes. These components showed that the sites monitored in the rainy season have a greater relationship with parameters associated with organic contamination, while in the dry season the sites have a greater connection with the main ions; findings that were linked to the effects generated by the rain patterns of each season. Finally, the six identified socio-environmental pressures allowed an affirmative answer to the hypothesis of the study, since the evidence indicated that these negatively influence the quality of surface water. Therefore, the need arises to coordinate efforts that guarantee the sustainability of the micro-basin, improve the local sanitary infrastructure, strengthen the water management processes and establish a monitoring network under a framework with a basin vision.
Descripción
Arce Villalobos, K.A. (2020). Estudio de la calidad del agua superficial y su relación con las características socioambientales en la parte alta de la microcuenca del Río Poás. [Tesis de Licenciatura]. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica.
Palabras clave
HIDROLOGÍA, CALIDAD DEL AGUA, MICROCUENCA, CONSERVACIÓN DE AGUAS, POÁS (ALAJUELA), HYDROLOGY, WATER QUALITY