Problemas metodológicos de la historia ambiental. Autocrítica de una experiencia de investigación con fuentes orales en el volcán Barva -Sacramento y Paso Llano-, Costa Rica
Fecha
2014-07-01
Autores
Vargas Mena, Emilio
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Editor
Editorial Universidad Nacional
Resumen
En el período 2003-2013, el investigador, apoyado parcialmente por los estudiantes de dos promociones del Postgrado en Conservación y Manejo de Vida Silvestre de la Universidad Nacional, realizó un conjunto de doce entrevistas de historia oral ambiental con miembros de la segunda y tercera generaciones de colonos en Sacramento y Paso Llano, en las faldas del volcán Barva. La metodología utilizada abarcó discusiones del objeto de estudio de la historia ambiental, la elaboración de una guía de entrevista, la selección de informantes, la realización de entrevistas en profundidad, la producción de documentos testimoniales validados por las personas entrevistadas, la identificación y análisis de los
temas emergentes, la revisión bibliográfica y documental -incluidas fotografías y otros recursos visuales- sobre el contexto histórico-ambiental previo al siglo XX y sobre el período de estudio (1930-2000) y, finalmente, la preparación de un informe descriptivo y de interpretación histórico-ambiental, basado en los temas emergentes de mayor desarrollo en los testimonios. Este artículo aborda los problemas metodológicos principales que el investigador encontró a lo largo de su trabajo, desde sus inicios hasta la fase de publicación.
Busca servir de apoyo a la docencia universitaria y a investigaciones similares en el campo de la historia ambiental.
Es claro que el abordaje de la historia ambiental en cualquiera de sus tres dimensiones rebasa las fronteras de las disciplinas científicas especializadas. Este campo de estudio va más allá de la interdisciplinariedad; es fundamentalmente transdisciplinario. Quienes practiquen y hagan aportes al desarrollo de esa nueva historia, tendrán que hacerlo desde una voluntad y compromiso personal de
expansión de su conocimiento y experiencias más allá de las fronteras de su estrecha especialidad, y deberán hacer un esfuerzo considerable para integrar teorías, conceptos y métodos de distintas fuentes que ayuden a explicar la dinámica de las sinergias, o la relación dialéctica, entre naturaleza y sociedad. El ecólogo o biólogo deberá aprender de ciencias sociales aplicadas al campo ambiental; y
el científico social deberá enfrentar el desafío de las sólidas y rígidas estructuras tradicionales de su disciplina para reconocer activamente que los procesos sociales operan con la influencia de condiciones naturales y que esa influencia e interacción debe ser parte también de sus marcos conceptuales.
Los objetivos de esta investigación fueron más allá de la reconstrucción histórica ambiental, y se plantearon la revaloración del conocimiento histórico local y la exploración del valor literario de esos relatos, en tanto que narraciones orales.
In the period 2003-2013, the researcher, partially supported by students from two promotions of the Postgraduate Program in Conservation and Management of Wildlife at the National University, conducted a set of twelve interviews on oral environmental history with members of the second and third generations. of settlers in Sacramento and Paso Llano, on the slopes of the Barva volcano. The methodology used included discussions of the object of study of environmental history, the elaboration of an interview guide, the selection of informants, the conduct of in-depth interviews, the production of testimonial documents validated by the interviewees, the identification and analysis of emerging themes, bibliographic and documentary review -including photographs and other visual resources- on the historical-environmental context prior to the 20th century and on the study period (1930-2000) and, finally, the preparation of a descriptive report and of historical-environmental interpretation, based on the emerging themes of greater development in the testimonies. This article addresses the main methodological problems that the researcher encountered throughout his work, from its inception to the publication phase. It seeks to support university teaching and similar research in the field of environmental history. It is clear that the approach to environmental history in any of its three dimensions goes beyond the borders of specialized scientific disciplines. This field of study goes beyond interdisciplinarity; it is fundamentally transdisciplinary. Those who practice and make contributions to the development of this new history, will have to do so from a will and personal commitment to expand their knowledge and experiences beyond the borders of their narrow specialty, and will have to make a considerable effort to integrate theories, concepts and methods from different sources that help explain the dynamics of synergies, or the dialectical relationship, between nature and society. The ecologist or biologist must learn from social sciences applied to the environmental field; and the social scientist must face the challenge of the solid and rigid traditional structures of his discipline to actively recognize that social processes operate under the influence of natural conditions and that this influence and interaction must also be part of his conceptual frameworks. The objectives of this research went beyond environmental historical reconstruction, and raised the revaluation of local historical knowledge and the exploration of the literary value of these stories, as oral narratives.
In the period 2003-2013, the researcher, partially supported by students from two promotions of the Postgraduate Program in Conservation and Management of Wildlife at the National University, conducted a set of twelve interviews on oral environmental history with members of the second and third generations. of settlers in Sacramento and Paso Llano, on the slopes of the Barva volcano. The methodology used included discussions of the object of study of environmental history, the elaboration of an interview guide, the selection of informants, the conduct of in-depth interviews, the production of testimonial documents validated by the interviewees, the identification and analysis of emerging themes, bibliographic and documentary review -including photographs and other visual resources- on the historical-environmental context prior to the 20th century and on the study period (1930-2000) and, finally, the preparation of a descriptive report and of historical-environmental interpretation, based on the emerging themes of greater development in the testimonies. This article addresses the main methodological problems that the researcher encountered throughout his work, from its inception to the publication phase. It seeks to support university teaching and similar research in the field of environmental history. It is clear that the approach to environmental history in any of its three dimensions goes beyond the borders of specialized scientific disciplines. This field of study goes beyond interdisciplinarity; it is fundamentally transdisciplinary. Those who practice and make contributions to the development of this new history, will have to do so from a will and personal commitment to expand their knowledge and experiences beyond the borders of their narrow specialty, and will have to make a considerable effort to integrate theories, concepts and methods from different sources that help explain the dynamics of synergies, or the dialectical relationship, between nature and society. The ecologist or biologist must learn from social sciences applied to the environmental field; and the social scientist must face the challenge of the solid and rigid traditional structures of his discipline to actively recognize that social processes operate under the influence of natural conditions and that this influence and interaction must also be part of his conceptual frameworks. The objectives of this research went beyond environmental historical reconstruction, and raised the revaluation of local historical knowledge and the exploration of the literary value of these stories, as oral narratives.
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Palabras clave
COSTA RICA, BARVA (HEREDIA), METODOLOGÍA, METHODOLOGY, HISTORIA, HISTORY, MEDIO AMBIENTE, ENVIRONMENT