Valores de la relación grasa/proteína y nitrógeno ureico en leche de vacas lecheras de la zona norte de Alajuela y Heredia, Costa Rica
Fecha
2016
Autores
Vargas Sobrado, Diana
Murillo Herrera, Jaime
Hueckmann Voss, Frank
ROMERO-ZUÑIGA, JUAN JOSÉ
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Los componentes de la leche brindan una herramienta económica, menos invasiva
al monitorear el balance metabólico y la ración suministrada a ganado lechero. Con el fin de
determinar valores de grasa, proteína, la relación grasa/proteína y nitrógeno ureico, en vacas
lecheras de Costa Rica, se tomó muestras de leche de 442 animales, durante los dos ordeños
del día, en abril y agosto del 2012, en cuatro fincas productoras de leche de la zona norte de
Alajuela y Heredia. Cada uno de estos componentes se analizó, mediante estadística descriptiva
y comparaciones de promedios, en diferentes categorías, según cantidad de días en lactación,
número de lactancias, mes de muestreo y raza. Se obtuvo niveles promedio de proteína de
3,34% (IC 95%: 3,29-3,37), grasa 4,13% (IC 95%: 4,04-4,22), nitrógeno ureico 16,81 mg/dl
(IC 95%: 16,64-17,26), y una relación grasa/proteína promedio de 1,26 (IC 95%: 1,24-1,28).
Hubo diferencias en los componentes según raza, número de lactancias y días en lactación. Las
variaciones existentes, en los porcentajes de grasa, proteína, relación grasa/proteína y nitrógeno
ureico, según la etapa productiva del animal, la raza, la época de muestreo y días en lactancia,
podrían indicar desbalances metabólicos; por tanto, debe tomarse en cuenta a la hora de analizar
el desempeño productivo y reproductivo así como la dieta de las vacas
Milk components provide an economical and less invasive tool to monitor metabolic balance and food rations given to dairy cattle. In order to determine values for fat, protein, protein/fat ratio, and milk urea nitrogen in Costa Rican dairy cows, milk samples were taken from 442 animals from four specialized dairy farms in northern Alajuela and Heredia, during the two daily milkings in April and August 2012. Each component was analyzed using descriptive statistics and comparing means for different categories according to days in lactation, parity number, season of sampling and breed. Average levels were found at 3.34% for protein (95% CI: 3.29-3.37), 4.13% for fat (95% CI: 4.04-4.22), and 16.81 mg/dl for urea nitrogen (95% CI: 16.64-17.26), as well as an average protein/fat ratio of 1.26 (95% CI: 1.24-1.28). There were differences in the components based on breed, parity number and days in lactation. Variations in the percentages of fat, protein, protein/fat ratio and milk urea nitrogen according to breed, parity number, season and days in lactation may indicate metabolic imbalances; consequently, the foregoing must be taken into account when analyzing the diet of cows and their productive and reproductive performance.
Milk components provide an economical and less invasive tool to monitor metabolic balance and food rations given to dairy cattle. In order to determine values for fat, protein, protein/fat ratio, and milk urea nitrogen in Costa Rican dairy cows, milk samples were taken from 442 animals from four specialized dairy farms in northern Alajuela and Heredia, during the two daily milkings in April and August 2012. Each component was analyzed using descriptive statistics and comparing means for different categories according to days in lactation, parity number, season of sampling and breed. Average levels were found at 3.34% for protein (95% CI: 3.29-3.37), 4.13% for fat (95% CI: 4.04-4.22), and 16.81 mg/dl for urea nitrogen (95% CI: 16.64-17.26), as well as an average protein/fat ratio of 1.26 (95% CI: 1.24-1.28). There were differences in the components based on breed, parity number and days in lactation. Variations in the percentages of fat, protein, protein/fat ratio and milk urea nitrogen according to breed, parity number, season and days in lactation may indicate metabolic imbalances; consequently, the foregoing must be taken into account when analyzing the diet of cows and their productive and reproductive performance.
Descripción
Palabras clave
METABOLISMO ANIMAL, SALUD ANIMAL, GANADO DE LECHE, LECHERÍAS, PASTOREO, PRODUCCION LECHERA, REPRODUCCION ANIMAL, ANIMAL METABOLISM, ANIMAL HEALTH, MILK CATTLE, DAIRY FARMS, PASTURE