Problemas que enfrenta Costa Rica en su comercio con Estados Unidos (1980-1985)
Fecha
1988
Autores
Mata Méndez, Mabel Walleska
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Un gran debate está abierto hoy día entre los países desarrollados y los países en vías de desarrollo en torno a los problemas de proteccionismo en el intercambio comercial.
Manuel Calderón Hernández define el proteccionismo como “…los actos de la política de gobierno que protege una industria de la competencia extranjera; permitiendo con ello, que la industria obtenga unos ingresos más elevados que los que obtendría de otro modo”. Puede interpretarse en el sentido más amplio; las medidas públicas de ayuda a las industrias que conjunten con las importaciones o son exportadoras actuales o potenciales.
George Enrique, considera que “el fin de la protección es impedir la entrada a un país de cosas en sí mismas útiles; a fin de forzar las gentes de éste país a producirlas por sí mismas”.
Este autor se inclina al libre cambio y considera que la verdadera ventaja del libre cambio, consiste en el hecho de que se ha impedido el establecimiento de aranceles de estado a estado y se ha establecido, el libre cambio en el continente americano.
Con el carácter del libre cambio económico que se opone al proteccionismo; pues se han introducido concepciones políticas; hábitos; criterios y costumbres no doctrinales para servir a un estudio de evoluciones.
Para conocer las causas del surgimiento del proteccionismo hay que remontarse al mercantilismo debido a que la política comercial del mercantilismo estableció todo un sistema de prohibiciones relativas al comercio. Las medidas de restricción y de prohibición tenían en cuenta la balanza del comercio favorable; aparte de los derechos de importación prohibitivos; la política del mercantilismo dictaba prohibiciones de la salida de los metales preciosos; de los productos alimenticios y de las materias primas utilizadas en el país y en otro las manufacturas y los productos de explotación; por lo que el mercantilismo asume posiciones en el campo de la Economía.
El primer procedimiento utilizado por el proteccionismo fue el de las aduanas o tarifas de impuestos percibidas por el cambio de mercancías denominado también derecho de aduana; constituyéndose el arancel, o sea la tabla de derechos de aduana; ésta a su vez se refiere a los impuestos percibidos a la entrada o salida de un Estado o al paso de mercancías por una frontera política. El arancel pasa por consiguiente a ser históricamente el primer instrumento de protección. Es bien sabido que el proteccionismo reviste una gran variedad de formas y apariencias.
A great debate is currently raging between developed and developing countries about the problems of protectionism in trade. Manuel Calderón Hernández defines protectionism as "...acts of government policy that protect an industry from foreign competition; thereby allowing the industry to obtain higher revenues than it would otherwise obtain". It can be interpreted in the broadest sense; public measures of aid to industries that are in conjunction with imports or are actual or potential exporters. George Henry, considers that "the purpose of protection is to prevent the entry into a country of things useful in themselves; in order to force the people of that country to produce them for themselves". This author is inclined to free exchange and considers that the true advantage of free exchange consists in the fact that the establishment of tariffs from state to state has been prevented and free exchange has been established in the American continent. With the character of the free economic exchange that is opposed to protectionism; for political conceptions; habits; criteria and non-doctrinal customs have been introduced to serve a study of evolutions. In order to know the causes of the emergence of protectionism, it is necessary to go back to mercantilism, because the commercial policy of mercantilism established a whole system of trade prohibitions. The measures of restriction and prohibition took into account the favorable balance of trade; apart from the prohibitive import duties; the policy of mercantilism dictated prohibitions on the exit of precious metals; of foodstuffs and raw materials used in the country and in other manufactures and products of exploitation; so mercantilism assumes positions in the field of economics. The first procedure used by protectionism was that of customs or tariffs of taxes levied on the exchange of goods, also called customs duties; the tariff, that is, the table of customs duties; this in turn refers to the taxes levied on the entry or exit of a State or on the passage of goods across a political frontier. The tariff thus becomes historically the first instrument of protection. It is well known that protectionism takes a great variety of forms and appearances.
A great debate is currently raging between developed and developing countries about the problems of protectionism in trade. Manuel Calderón Hernández defines protectionism as "...acts of government policy that protect an industry from foreign competition; thereby allowing the industry to obtain higher revenues than it would otherwise obtain". It can be interpreted in the broadest sense; public measures of aid to industries that are in conjunction with imports or are actual or potential exporters. George Henry, considers that "the purpose of protection is to prevent the entry into a country of things useful in themselves; in order to force the people of that country to produce them for themselves". This author is inclined to free exchange and considers that the true advantage of free exchange consists in the fact that the establishment of tariffs from state to state has been prevented and free exchange has been established in the American continent. With the character of the free economic exchange that is opposed to protectionism; for political conceptions; habits; criteria and non-doctrinal customs have been introduced to serve a study of evolutions. In order to know the causes of the emergence of protectionism, it is necessary to go back to mercantilism, because the commercial policy of mercantilism established a whole system of trade prohibitions. The measures of restriction and prohibition took into account the favorable balance of trade; apart from the prohibitive import duties; the policy of mercantilism dictated prohibitions on the exit of precious metals; of foodstuffs and raw materials used in the country and in other manufactures and products of exploitation; so mercantilism assumes positions in the field of economics. The first procedure used by protectionism was that of customs or tariffs of taxes levied on the exchange of goods, also called customs duties; the tariff, that is, the table of customs duties; this in turn refers to the taxes levied on the entry or exit of a State or on the passage of goods across a political frontier. The tariff thus becomes historically the first instrument of protection. It is well known that protectionism takes a great variety of forms and appearances.
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Palabras clave
COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL, COSTA RICA, INTERNATIONAL TRADE