El aporte del pensamiento crítico y el diálogo de saberes en el conocimiento y comprensión del vínculo entre universidades públicas y comunidades de Costa Rica en el último decenio
Fecha
2024-04-08
Autores
HERNÁNDEZ LÓPEZ, MARÍA GABRIELA
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Durante los últimos años, la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica (UNA) y la Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR), han asumido el reto de promover el diálogo de saberes en el vínculo entre las universidades-comunidades, promovido desde las Vicerrectorías de Extensión (VE) y Vicerrectoría de Acción Social (VAS), respectivamente. Este enfoque se deriva de lo que se conoce como pensamiento crítico y dentro de este, se suman las epistemologías del sur, como parte del debate interno desde hace más de cuatro décadas. El estudio pretende identificar cómo han circulado estos discursos en la institucionalidad y sus actores. Estos actores son las autoridades rectoras de la extensión y la acción social de la UNA y la UCR, así como las/os asesoras/es académicas/os, profesores/as, estudiantes y algunos/as agentes comunitarios, cuyo contexto y subjetividades están relacionadas con estas prácticas, de manera directa. Así, mediante procesos reflexivos con grupos focales o de discusión, entrevistas en profundidad, cuestionarios, observación en el sitio y el estudio de los discursos, se implementa un enfoque metodológico que parte de la búsqueda de esos imaginarios sobre las prácticas, el conocimiento, la interpretación e inferencias, del contexto socio histórico y las subjetividades de los actores citados, del aporte del pensamiento crítico y el diálogo de saberes en la praxis extensionista o de acción social. Los resultados de este estudio dan cuenta de que la UNA norma el pensamiento crítico, al igual que la ecología de saberes en el Estatuto Orgánico de 2015 y como enunciado –discursos-, a partir de razonamientos e intenciones que se traducen, en exposiciones magistrales de Boaventura de Sousa Santos sobre ecología de saberes, la divulgación de publicaciones y varias capacitaciones, todas promovidas desde la VE. Por su parte, en la UCR, el pensamiento crítico es ya parte de la normativa desde 1974, y desde la VAS, se inicia un proceso que se convierte en norma en 2023, para incluir como principio el diálogo de saberes y su implementación. De Sousa Santos, también expone su propuesta en la UCR, sus publicaciones, capacitaciones y debates. Este toma más cuerpo, en el “Foro social” interdisciplinario, que reunió a importantes intelectuales de la UCR, desde donde emanaron ideas y propuestas para fortalecer el diálogo de saberes y el pensamiento crítico. Así, los procesos de formación desde la VAS y la VE han buscado influir en las propuestas de los programas y proyectos (PPAA) de las diferentes unidades académicas, sin embargo, es poca la señal de la presencia de este diálogo en los casos estudiados, a pesar de haber sido propuestos por las mismas vicerrectorías. Lo que apela a discutir y reflexionar sobre este enfoque, desde la práctica-teoría-práctica y el pensamiento regulador versus emancipador. Como corolario, se rescata que: las universidades no son espacios homogéneos, la UNA y la UCR, nacidas en el periodo desarrollista (UCR) y del capitalismo global (UNA), ahora son territorios, al igual que la comunidades con quiénes se vinculan, que están en disputa por parte de las fuerzas del mercado y las IFID (Instituciones Financieras Internacionales y del Desarrollo); La incorporación de propuestas que buscan influir en la intregralidad de la docencia, la investigación y la extensión/acción social, y que se vean permeados por estos enfoques, requiere de negociaciones, decisiones, y, la búsqueda conjunta de vías que abran posibilidades a “otras formas de pensar y hacer universidad”; La discusión sobre el tema, qué aún no pasa de ser un “saludo a la bandera”, demanda en ambas universidades, de la exposición continua desde el locus teórico, epistemológico y metodológico del pensamiento crítico y el diálogo de saberes, como parte de una ecología educativa, porque, los pensamientos convertidos en norma no atraviesan por sí mismos las subjetividades o los cuerpos; El cuestionamiento a prácticas instituidas invoca a convertir a las universidades en agencias gestoras del pensamiento crítico, rompiendo con el esquema de las prácticas instituidas y los megarelatos que las crearon en la corriente reguladora del saber-ser-poder y estar. Así, el intercambio de saberes académicos con otros saberes, se debe construir desde procesos de escucha mutua e interpelación crítica, entre agentes universitarios y de las comunidades en sus territorios, lo cual requiere de un mínimo de conceptualización y operativización para su implementación; Por eso, es relevante investigar más sobre los esfuerzos afines a estas miradas, para ir dando sentido y vida a la ecología de saberes dentro la comunidad académica de la UCR y la UNA, junto a los actores de los territorios, que se nutren mutuamente. Esto invoca a la problematización y acción comunicativa diatópica (Freire, Boaventura), a la reflexividad y conversatorios alterativos (Castoriadis), o la interpelación mutua crítica (Ghiso, Tommasino) como una constante, frente a la construcción de sentido común, más allá del dominio de los poderes fácticos/dominantes, el transferencismo o del basismo en las prácticas extensionistas o de acción social, que reconoce una ecología educativa y que contempla diferentes matrices del conocimiento que contemplan los relatos del saber y los correlatos del poder-ser y estar, como parte de esa interpelación crítica necesaria, para la construcción del pretendido compromiso y transformación social desde ecologías educativas que reconocen al otro.
During recent years, the National University of Costa Rica (UNA) and the University of Costa Rica (UCR), have taken on the challenge of promoting dialogue of knowledge in the link between universities-communities, promoted by the Vice-Chancellors of Extension ( VE) and Vice-Rector's Office for Social Action (VAS), respectively. This approach is derived from what is known as critical thinking and within this, the epistemologies of the south are added, as part of the internal debate for more than four decades. The study aims to identify how these discourses have circulated in the institutions and their actors. These actors are the governing authorities of the extension and social action of the UNA and the UCR, as well as the academic advisors, professors, students and some community agents, whose context and subjectivities are related. with these practices, directly. Thus, through reflective processes with focus or discussion groups, in-depth interviews, questionnaires, on-site observation and the study of discourses, a methodological approach is implemented that starts from the search for those imaginaries about practices, knowledge, interpretation and inferences, of the socio-historical context and the subjectivities of the aforementioned actors, of the contribution of critical thinking and the dialogue of knowledge in the extension praxis or social action. The results of this study show that the UNA regulates critical thinking, as well as the ecology of knowledge in the Organic Statute of 2015 and as a statement -speeches-, based on reasoning and intentions that are translated into masterful expositions of Boaventura de Sousa Santos on the ecology of knowledge, the dissemination of publications and various trainings, all promoted by the VE. For its part, at the UCR, critical thinking has been part of the regulations since 1974, and from the VAS, a process begins that becomes a norm in 2023, to include the dialogue of knowledge and its implementation as a principle. De Sousa Santos also presents his proposal at the UCR, his publications, training and debates. This takes more shape, in the interdisciplinary “Social Forum”, which brought together important intellectuals from the UCR, from where ideas and proposals emanated to strengthen the dialogue of knowledge and critical thinking. Thus, the training processes from the VAS and the VE have sought to influence the proposals of the programs and projects (PPAA) of the different academic units, however, there is little sign of the presence of this dialogue in the cases studied. despite having been proposed by the same vice-chancellors. Which calls for discussing and reflecting on this approach, from practice-theory-practice and regulatory versus emancipatory thinking. As a corollary, it is highlighted that: universities are not homogeneous spaces, the UNA and the UCR, born in the developmental period (UCR) and global capitalism (UNA), are now territories, as are the communities with which they are linked, that are in dispute by market forces and IFIDs (International Financial and Development Institutions); The incorporation of proposals that seek to influence the integrality of teaching, research and extension/social action, and that are permeated by these approaches, requires negotiations, decisions, and the joint search for ways that open possibilities to “ other ways of thinking and doing university”; The discussion on the topic, which still does not go beyond being a “salute to the flag”, demands in both universities, continuous exposition from the theoretical, epistemological and methodological locus of critical thinking and the dialogue of knowledge, as part of a educational ecology, because thoughts that have become a norm do not by themselves go through subjectivities or bodies; The questioning of instituted practices calls for turning universities into managing agencies of critical thinking, breaking with the scheme of instituted practices and the mega-stories that created them in the regulatory current of knowing-being-power and being. Thus, the exchange of academic knowledge with other knowledge must be built from processes of mutual listening and critical questioning, between university agents and the communities in their territories, which requires a minimum of conceptualization and operationalization for its implementation; Therefore, it is relevant to investigate more about the efforts related to these views, to give meaning and life to the ecology of knowledge within the academic community of the UCR and the UNA, together with the actors of the territories, who mutually nourish each other. This invokes problematization and diatopian communicative action (Freire, Boaventura), reflexivity and alterative conversations (Castoriadis), or critical mutual interpellation (Ghiso, Tommasino) as a constant, in the face of the construction of common sense, beyond the domain of factual/dominant powers, transference or basisism in extensionist practices or social action, which recognizes an educational ecology and which contemplates different matrices of knowledge that contemplate the stories of knowledge and the correlates of power-being and being, as part of that necessary critical interpellation, for the construction of the intended commitment and social transformation from educational ecologies that recognize the other.
During recent years, the National University of Costa Rica (UNA) and the University of Costa Rica (UCR), have taken on the challenge of promoting dialogue of knowledge in the link between universities-communities, promoted by the Vice-Chancellors of Extension ( VE) and Vice-Rector's Office for Social Action (VAS), respectively. This approach is derived from what is known as critical thinking and within this, the epistemologies of the south are added, as part of the internal debate for more than four decades. The study aims to identify how these discourses have circulated in the institutions and their actors. These actors are the governing authorities of the extension and social action of the UNA and the UCR, as well as the academic advisors, professors, students and some community agents, whose context and subjectivities are related. with these practices, directly. Thus, through reflective processes with focus or discussion groups, in-depth interviews, questionnaires, on-site observation and the study of discourses, a methodological approach is implemented that starts from the search for those imaginaries about practices, knowledge, interpretation and inferences, of the socio-historical context and the subjectivities of the aforementioned actors, of the contribution of critical thinking and the dialogue of knowledge in the extension praxis or social action. The results of this study show that the UNA regulates critical thinking, as well as the ecology of knowledge in the Organic Statute of 2015 and as a statement -speeches-, based on reasoning and intentions that are translated into masterful expositions of Boaventura de Sousa Santos on the ecology of knowledge, the dissemination of publications and various trainings, all promoted by the VE. For its part, at the UCR, critical thinking has been part of the regulations since 1974, and from the VAS, a process begins that becomes a norm in 2023, to include the dialogue of knowledge and its implementation as a principle. De Sousa Santos also presents his proposal at the UCR, his publications, training and debates. This takes more shape, in the interdisciplinary “Social Forum”, which brought together important intellectuals from the UCR, from where ideas and proposals emanated to strengthen the dialogue of knowledge and critical thinking. Thus, the training processes from the VAS and the VE have sought to influence the proposals of the programs and projects (PPAA) of the different academic units, however, there is little sign of the presence of this dialogue in the cases studied. despite having been proposed by the same vice-chancellors. Which calls for discussing and reflecting on this approach, from practice-theory-practice and regulatory versus emancipatory thinking. As a corollary, it is highlighted that: universities are not homogeneous spaces, the UNA and the UCR, born in the developmental period (UCR) and global capitalism (UNA), are now territories, as are the communities with which they are linked, that are in dispute by market forces and IFIDs (International Financial and Development Institutions); The incorporation of proposals that seek to influence the integrality of teaching, research and extension/social action, and that are permeated by these approaches, requires negotiations, decisions, and the joint search for ways that open possibilities to “ other ways of thinking and doing university”; The discussion on the topic, which still does not go beyond being a “salute to the flag”, demands in both universities, continuous exposition from the theoretical, epistemological and methodological locus of critical thinking and the dialogue of knowledge, as part of a educational ecology, because thoughts that have become a norm do not by themselves go through subjectivities or bodies; The questioning of instituted practices calls for turning universities into managing agencies of critical thinking, breaking with the scheme of instituted practices and the mega-stories that created them in the regulatory current of knowing-being-power and being. Thus, the exchange of academic knowledge with other knowledge must be built from processes of mutual listening and critical questioning, between university agents and the communities in their territories, which requires a minimum of conceptualization and operationalization for its implementation; Therefore, it is relevant to investigate more about the efforts related to these views, to give meaning and life to the ecology of knowledge within the academic community of the UCR and the UNA, together with the actors of the territories, who mutually nourish each other. This invokes problematization and diatopian communicative action (Freire, Boaventura), reflexivity and alterative conversations (Castoriadis), or critical mutual interpellation (Ghiso, Tommasino) as a constant, in the face of the construction of common sense, beyond the domain of factual/dominant powers, transference or basisism in extensionist practices or social action, which recognizes an educational ecology and which contemplates different matrices of knowledge that contemplate the stories of knowledge and the correlates of power-being and being, as part of that necessary critical interpellation, for the construction of the intended commitment and social transformation from educational ecologies that recognize the other.
Descripción
Doctorado en Ciencias Sociales
Palabras clave
EXTENSIÓN UNIVERSITARIA, UNIVERSIDADES, PENSAMIENTO CRÍTICO, COMUNIDADES, TERRITORIO, COLLEGE EXTENSION, UNIVERSITIES, CRITICAL THINKING, COMMUNITIES, TERRITORY