Formación de capital humano como potenciador de la atracción de Inversión Extranjera Directa en Costa Rica: Un análisis nacional con aportes territoriales desde la Región Chorotega (2011–2024)
Fecha
2025-07-22
Autores
Rodríguez Garro, Mariane
Areas Quintana, Aleynerth
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
En el panorama histórico de Costa Rica, la inversión extranjera directa (IED) ha desempeñado un papel importante en el crecimiento económico reflejando una transformación profunda en el entorno productivo del país, no obstante, enfrenta desafíos estructurales que impiden el desarrollo de todas sus potencialidades, en especial, en regiones como la Chorotega. De acuerdo con Monge (2023), esta región presenta altos niveles de desempleo y pobreza extrema, lo cual cuestiona la efectividad de su modelo de desarrollo, históricamente basado en el turismo y la IED orientada al desarrollo inmobiliario. Barboza y Díaz (2023) destacan que las estrategias actuales no han logrado satisfacer las necesidades de generación de empleo de calidad ni han impulsado un desarrollo equitativo y sostenido para la población en torno a la IED. Ante este escenario, surge la necesidad de replantear el enfoque de atracción de IED, explorando sectores con mayor potencial de encadenamientos productivos y valor agregado, como aquellos intensivos en capital humano. Este replanteamiento resulta especialmente pertinente ante el creciente interés de empresas por establecer operaciones fuera del Gran Área Metropolitana (GAM) como lo ha señalado la Coalición Costarricense de Iniciativas de Desarrollo (CINDE) (2021). Datos del Ministerio de Comercio Exterior (2023) muestran que el 51% de las inversiones extranjeras en el país se concentran en zonas francas, mientras que sectores como el turismo y el inmobiliario representan apenas el 6% y 8% respectivamente. Esto refleja una clara preferencia de los inversionistas por entornos con disponibilidad de capital humano calificado, lo que resalta la importancia estratégica de invertir en la formación y fortalecimiento del talento local. A su vez, este enfoque refuerza el papel de la educación como pilar del desarrollo social y económico, especialmente en regiones que históricamente han estado rezagadas. Así, la formación de capital humano no solo representa una herramienta para aumentar la competitividad nacional, sino también un mecanismo para reducir brechas territoriales y promover la inclusión productiva.
In Costa Rica's historical context, foreign direct investment (FDI) has played an important role in economic growth, reflecting a profound transformation in the country's productive environment. However, it faces structural challenges that impede the development of its full potential, especially in regions such as the Chorotega region. According to Monge (2023), this region has high levels of unemployment and extreme poverty, which calls into question the effectiveness of its development model, historically based on tourism and FDI oriented towards real estate development. Barboza and Díaz (2023) highlight that current strategies have failed to meet the need for quality job creation or promote equitable and sustained development for the population through FDI. Given this scenario, there is a need to rethink the approach to attracting FDI, exploring sectors with greater potential for productive linkages and added value, such as those intensive in human capital. This rethinking is especially pertinent given the growing interest of companies in establishing operations outside the Greater Metropolitan Area (GMA), as noted by the Costa Rican Coalition of Development Initiatives (CINDE) (2021). Data from the Ministry of Foreign Trade (2023) show that 51% of foreign investment in the country is concentrated in free trade zones, while sectors such as tourism and real estate represent only 6% and 8%, respectively. This reflects a clear investor preference for environments with available qualified human capital, highlighting the strategic importance of investing in the training and strengthening of local talent. In turn, this approach reinforces the role of education as a pillar of social and economic development, especially in regions that have historically lagged behind. Thus, human capital development not only represents a tool to increase national competitiveness but also a mechanism to reduce territorial gaps and promote productive inclusion.
In Costa Rica's historical context, foreign direct investment (FDI) has played an important role in economic growth, reflecting a profound transformation in the country's productive environment. However, it faces structural challenges that impede the development of its full potential, especially in regions such as the Chorotega region. According to Monge (2023), this region has high levels of unemployment and extreme poverty, which calls into question the effectiveness of its development model, historically based on tourism and FDI oriented towards real estate development. Barboza and Díaz (2023) highlight that current strategies have failed to meet the need for quality job creation or promote equitable and sustained development for the population through FDI. Given this scenario, there is a need to rethink the approach to attracting FDI, exploring sectors with greater potential for productive linkages and added value, such as those intensive in human capital. This rethinking is especially pertinent given the growing interest of companies in establishing operations outside the Greater Metropolitan Area (GMA), as noted by the Costa Rican Coalition of Development Initiatives (CINDE) (2021). Data from the Ministry of Foreign Trade (2023) show that 51% of foreign investment in the country is concentrated in free trade zones, while sectors such as tourism and real estate represent only 6% and 8%, respectively. This reflects a clear investor preference for environments with available qualified human capital, highlighting the strategic importance of investing in the training and strengthening of local talent. In turn, this approach reinforces the role of education as a pillar of social and economic development, especially in regions that have historically lagged behind. Thus, human capital development not only represents a tool to increase national competitiveness but also a mechanism to reduce territorial gaps and promote productive inclusion.
Descripción
Palabras clave
INVERSIONES EXTRANJERAS, FOREIGN INVESTMENTS, CAPITAL HUMANO, CAPITAL HUMANO, CRECIMIENTO ECONÓMICO, ECONOMIC GROWTH
