Formulación de adhesivos naturales a partir del Derecho Agrícola del Ñame (Dioscorea alata) en Base Acuosa
Archivos
Fecha
2009-09
Autores
Matamoros Rosabal, Ximena
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Editor
Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)
Resumen
El ñame es uno de los productos agrícolas que ha tenido gran importancia en la economía de nuestro país en los últimos años, esto debido a que existe una gran cantidad de producto de ñame que se exporta a diversos países de Europa y América Latina. Para el año 2007 la cantidad de ñame exportado fue de 23 623 938,00 superando las exportaciones para el año 2006 que fueron de 21 681 310,00.
Cuando se habla en términos de exportación del ñame, la papa y otros tubérculos, uno de los problemas que se presentan en Costa Rica, es la generación de desechos agroindustriales producto del control de calidad de los productos a exportar. Existen una serie de especificaciones de calidad que cada producto destinado a exportación debe cumplir y si dichas especificaciones no se cumplen los productos son considerados como productos de rechazo.
En nuestro país existe un porcentaje de ñame que no se exporta debido a que no cumple con los requerimientos de calidad necesarios. Este ñame es llevado a los mercados locales y a las ferias del agricultor de cada región y es vendido como fuente alimenticia. Existe otra cantidad de producto de rechazo, la cual no posee valor agregado y es imposible de vender por lo tanto se deposita en los lugares de producción del tubérculo provocando un problema de impacto ambiental.
Esta investigación surge como una alternativa para la disminución de los desechos del tubérculo de ñame que son generados en nuestro país, basando nuestro estudio en que el componente principal del ñame es el almidón, polímero natural de gran abundancia en la naturaleza, el cual sirve como fuente principal para la formulación de adhesivos naturales de dextrina en base acuosa. Por 10 que, se considera como una nueva vía de producción de adhesivos aplicables a nivel industrial, que contribuyen a la disminución de costos de materias primas, reducción de contaminación y aplicación de nuevas tecnologías a través del aprovechamiento del almidón.
Se destaca la formulación de adhesivos naturales como una buena fuente de investigación por el hecho de ser adhesivos que pueden llegar a sustituir los adhesivos sintéticos, por varias razones como lo son su estabilidad, su bajo costo, su buena adhesión a la celulosa y muchos sustratos porosos, además por ser no tóxicos y biodegradables.
En el presente trabajo se formulan una serie de adhesivos de dextrina en base acuosa. Primero se realiza una hidrólisis ácida para obtener las dextrinas a utilizar, posteriormente se logra obtener las cuatro variables fundamentales para lograr una formulación con buenas condiciones de adhesividad, a partir de la formulación de adhesivos de dextrina de almidón comercial con variaciones en: concentración, temperatura, tamaño de partícula y velocidad de agitación.
El objetivo de este estudio es realizar la formulación de un adhesivo con dextrina de almidón de ñame que cumpla con las variables establecidas dando un adhesivo ideal para utilizar en el proceso de pegado de cartón.
Se realizaron ensayos de pelado para medir la fuerza adhesiva y poder lograr la escogencia de las variables requeridas. Además, se midió el tipo de fallo que presentó cada adhesivo para poder seleccionar las condiciones de formulación final.
Los resultados obtenidos muestran dos adhesivos con condiciones ideales de formulación de un adhesivo natural en base acuosa con muy buenas características en cuanto a fuerza adhesiva, tipo de fallo, viscosidad y pegajosidad "tack". Lo que indica un buen aporte para una nueva formulación de adhesivos de dextrina y para el aprovechamiento de desechos.
The yam is one of the agricultural products that has had great importance in the economy of our country in recent years, this is due to the fact that there is a large amount of yam product that is exported to various countries in Europe and Latin America. For the year 2007 the amount of yam exported was 23,623,938.00, surpassing the exports for the year 2006, which were 21,681,310.00. When speaking in terms of exporting yams, potatoes and other tubers, one of the problems that arise in Costa Rica is the generation of agro-industrial waste resulting from quality control of the products to be exported. There are a series of quality specifications that each product destined for export must meet and if these specifications are not met, the products are considered as rejected products. In our country there is a percentage of yam that is not exported because it does not meet the necessary quality requirements. This yam is taken to local markets and farmer's fairs in each region and is sold as a food source. There is another amount of rejected product, which does not have added value and is impossible to sell, therefore it is deposited in the places of tuber production, causing an environmental impact problem. This research emerges as an alternative for the reduction of yam tuber waste that is generated in our country, basing our study on the fact that the main component of yam is starch, a natural polymer of great abundance in nature, which serves as main source for the formulation of natural water-based dextrin adhesives. Therefore, it is considered as a new way of producing adhesives applicable at an industrial level, which contribute to the reduction of raw material costs, reduction of contamination and application of new technologies through the use of starch. The formulation of natural adhesives stands out as a good source of research due to the fact that they are adhesives that can replace synthetic adhesives, for various reasons such as their stability, their low cost, their good adhesion to cellulose and many substrates. porous, also because they are non-toxic and biodegradable. In the present work, a series of water-based dextrin adhesives are formulated. First, an acid hydrolysis is carried out to obtain the dextrins to be used, later it is possible to obtain the four fundamental variables to achieve a formulation with good adhesive conditions, from the formulation of commercial starch dextrin adhesives with variations in: concentration, temperature , particle size and stirring speed. The objective of this study is to formulate an adhesive with yam starch dextrin that meets the established variables, giving an ideal adhesive to be used in the cardboard gluing process. Peeling tests were carried out to measure the adhesive force and to be able to achieve the choice of the required variables. In addition, the type of failure presented by each adhesive was measured in order to select the final formulation conditions. The results obtained show two adhesives with ideal conditions for the formulation of a natural water-based adhesive with very good characteristics in terms of adhesive strength, type of failure, viscosity and "tack" stickiness. This indicates a good contribution for a new formulation of dextrin adhesives and for the use of waste.
The yam is one of the agricultural products that has had great importance in the economy of our country in recent years, this is due to the fact that there is a large amount of yam product that is exported to various countries in Europe and Latin America. For the year 2007 the amount of yam exported was 23,623,938.00, surpassing the exports for the year 2006, which were 21,681,310.00. When speaking in terms of exporting yams, potatoes and other tubers, one of the problems that arise in Costa Rica is the generation of agro-industrial waste resulting from quality control of the products to be exported. There are a series of quality specifications that each product destined for export must meet and if these specifications are not met, the products are considered as rejected products. In our country there is a percentage of yam that is not exported because it does not meet the necessary quality requirements. This yam is taken to local markets and farmer's fairs in each region and is sold as a food source. There is another amount of rejected product, which does not have added value and is impossible to sell, therefore it is deposited in the places of tuber production, causing an environmental impact problem. This research emerges as an alternative for the reduction of yam tuber waste that is generated in our country, basing our study on the fact that the main component of yam is starch, a natural polymer of great abundance in nature, which serves as main source for the formulation of natural water-based dextrin adhesives. Therefore, it is considered as a new way of producing adhesives applicable at an industrial level, which contribute to the reduction of raw material costs, reduction of contamination and application of new technologies through the use of starch. The formulation of natural adhesives stands out as a good source of research due to the fact that they are adhesives that can replace synthetic adhesives, for various reasons such as their stability, their low cost, their good adhesion to cellulose and many substrates. porous, also because they are non-toxic and biodegradable. In the present work, a series of water-based dextrin adhesives are formulated. First, an acid hydrolysis is carried out to obtain the dextrins to be used, later it is possible to obtain the four fundamental variables to achieve a formulation with good adhesive conditions, from the formulation of commercial starch dextrin adhesives with variations in: concentration, temperature , particle size and stirring speed. The objective of this study is to formulate an adhesive with yam starch dextrin that meets the established variables, giving an ideal adhesive to be used in the cardboard gluing process. Peeling tests were carried out to measure the adhesive force and to be able to achieve the choice of the required variables. In addition, the type of failure presented by each adhesive was measured in order to select the final formulation conditions. The results obtained show two adhesives with ideal conditions for the formulation of a natural water-based adhesive with very good characteristics in terms of adhesive strength, type of failure, viscosity and "tack" stickiness. This indicates a good contribution for a new formulation of dextrin adhesives and for the use of waste.
Descripción
Matamoros Rosabal, X. (2009). Formulación de adhesivos naturales a partir del Derecho Agrícola del Ñame (Dioscorea alata) en Base Acuosa. [Tesis de Licenciatura]. Universidad Nacional, Heredia, C.R.
Palabras clave
TUBERCULO, TUBER, ÑAME, YAM, ADHESIVOS, PRODUCTOS NATURALES