“Estudio hidrológico de las subcuencas del río Sábalo y río Guachipelín para optimizar la planificación de riego por goteo en el cultivo de naranja (Citrus sinensis) en la empresa Del Oro, Guanacaste, Costa Rica.”
Fecha
2023-11
Autores
Bustamante Guevara, Katiana
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Editor
Universidad Nacional
Resumen
El presente estudio se realizó con la finalidad de conocer el comportamiento hidrológico de las subcuencas
del Río Sábalo y Guachipelín, donde se encuentran las fincas de la empresa Del Oro con cultivos de naranja
permanentes, ubicadas en La Garita de La Cruz, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, para tener una línea base de
referencia para la toma de decisiones y futuros estudios sobre la optimización del agua en los sistemas de
riego por goteo a estos cultivos. Para ello se realizó un estudio morfológico haciendo uso del Sistema de
Información Geográfica (SIG) y métodos estadísticos que, reveló la morfología de las subcuencas Sábalo
con un área de 65,97 km2 hasta su punto de aforo donde se une la toma de agua superficial del río Sábalo y
la de agua de pozo cercano a este, ambas concesionadas para el riego por goteo, y de la subcuenca
Guachipelín con un área de 19,65 km2 hasta su punto de aforo donde se da la toma de agua superficial del
río Guachipelín para el riego por goteo.
Los resultados hidrológicos obtenidos se fundamentan en el balance hídrico superficial por el método de
Thornthwaite – Mather modificado y adaptado al cultivo de naranja de la variedad Valencia, utilizando
información de variables climáticas de temperatura y precipitación para el periodo comprendido entre los
años 2013-2022 para ambas subcuencas. Se observó un déficit hídrico en el mes de abril, lo cual determinó
que la demanda hídrica de los cultivos de naranja y la oferta hídrica disponible en ambas subcuencas durante
ese mes es crítica y debe ser asistida por la actividad de riego por goteo.
Como parte del estudio hidrológico y para comprender el comportamiento hidrológico de las subcuencas
del río Sábalo y Guachipelín, se desarrollaron las curvas de intensidad, duración y frecuencia (IDF) para
los periodos de retorno correspondiente 2, 5, 10, 20, 25 y 50 años. Esto como herramienta extra para el
desarrollo de nuevos proyectos dentro de las subcuencas en estudio y el respaldo de la planificación del
riego por goteo al cultivo de naranja.
Este estudio evidenció la situación hídrica actual de estas subcuencas e identificó los aspectos por mejorar
para optimizar la planificación del riego por goteo. Se generó información hidrológica base que sirvió para
la toma de decisiones a futuro en la empresa. Y se propuso como guía un plan estratégico de acciones de
mejora para el aprovechamiento óptimo del agua en los proyectos de riego por goteo en los cultivos de
naranja.
The present study was carried out with the purpose of knowing the hydrological behavior of the Sábalo and Guachipelín Rivers subbasins, where the farms of the company Del Oro with permanent orange crops are located, these located in La Garita de La Cruz, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, to have a baseline for decision making and future studies on water optimization in drip irrigation systems for these crops. To this end, a morphological study was made using the Geographic Information System (GIS) and statistical methods, which revealed the morphology of the Sábalo subbasins with an area of 65.97 km2 up to its gauging point where the surface water intake of the Sábalo river and the well water intake near it meet, and the Guachipelín subbasin with an area of 19.65 km2 up to its gauging point where the surface water intake of the Guachipelín river is located for drip irrigation. The hydrological results obtained are based on the Thornthwaite - Mather surface water balance, method modified and adapted to the Valencia variety orange crop, using information on climatic variables of temperature and precipitation for the period 2013-2022 for both subbasins. A water deficit was observed in the month of April, which determined that the water demand of orange crops and the available water supply in both sub-basins during that month is critical and must be assisted by drip irrigation activity. As part of the hydrological study and to understand the hydrological behavior of the Sábalo and Guachipelín rivers subbasins, intensity, duration, and frequency (IDF) curves for the return periods corresponding to 2, 5, 10, 20, 25 and 50 years. This is an extra tool for the development of new projects within the sub-basins studied and to support the planning of drip irrigation for the orange crop. This study showed the current water situation of these subbasins and identified the aspects to be improved to optimize the planning of drip irrigation. Hydrological information was generated as a basis for future decision making in the company. A strategic plan of improvement actions was proposed as a guide for the optimal use of water in drip irrigation projects for orange crops.
The present study was carried out with the purpose of knowing the hydrological behavior of the Sábalo and Guachipelín Rivers subbasins, where the farms of the company Del Oro with permanent orange crops are located, these located in La Garita de La Cruz, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, to have a baseline for decision making and future studies on water optimization in drip irrigation systems for these crops. To this end, a morphological study was made using the Geographic Information System (GIS) and statistical methods, which revealed the morphology of the Sábalo subbasins with an area of 65.97 km2 up to its gauging point where the surface water intake of the Sábalo river and the well water intake near it meet, and the Guachipelín subbasin with an area of 19.65 km2 up to its gauging point where the surface water intake of the Guachipelín river is located for drip irrigation. The hydrological results obtained are based on the Thornthwaite - Mather surface water balance, method modified and adapted to the Valencia variety orange crop, using information on climatic variables of temperature and precipitation for the period 2013-2022 for both subbasins. A water deficit was observed in the month of April, which determined that the water demand of orange crops and the available water supply in both sub-basins during that month is critical and must be assisted by drip irrigation activity. As part of the hydrological study and to understand the hydrological behavior of the Sábalo and Guachipelín rivers subbasins, intensity, duration, and frequency (IDF) curves for the return periods corresponding to 2, 5, 10, 20, 25 and 50 years. This is an extra tool for the development of new projects within the sub-basins studied and to support the planning of drip irrigation for the orange crop. This study showed the current water situation of these subbasins and identified the aspects to be improved to optimize the planning of drip irrigation. Hydrological information was generated as a basis for future decision making in the company. A strategic plan of improvement actions was proposed as a guide for the optimal use of water in drip irrigation projects for orange crops.
Descripción
Palabras clave
HIDROLOGIA, CUENCAS, RIEGO POR GOTEO, NARANJA, FRUTAS CITRICAS, GUANACASTE (COSTA RICA), HYDROLOGY, BASINS, DRIP IRRIGATION, ORANGE, CITRUS FRUITS