"Estudio de viabilidad económica-financiera para la producción y comercialización de productos derivados de leche de cabra en los cantones de Carrillo y Liberia, Guanacaste, para la microempresa FANUCA"
Fecha
2022
Autores
López Gaitán, Cindy
Martínez Rodríguez, Elenita
Pizarro Espinoza, Francinie
Huertas López, Rosario
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Resumen
La finalidad de este documento se sustenta en un estudio de viabilidad económica-financiera para la producción y comercialización de productos derivados de leche de cabra en los cantones de Carrillo y Liberia, Guanacaste para la microempresa FANUCA.
Dentro de la problemática existente, se encuentra la existencia de estudios que confirman que la leche de cabra posee bajos niveles de lactosa en comparación con la leche de otros animales, por lo cual presenta mayor digestibilidad. En la misma medida, proporciona a la salud humana un mayor contenido de proteínas, pues sus beneficios se manifiestan en personas que presentan algunos padecimientos médicos.
Asimismo, las investigaciones demuestran que el consumo de productos lácteos caprinos en el país ha aumentado. Esto se ha registrado en el aumento de las importaciones en los últimos años, sin embargo, la oferta en el mercado por parte de los caprinocultores costarricenses es escasa. En su mayoría, la producción se da para autoconsumo.
Por lo tanto, con el presente proyecto, se resuelve la problemática debido al segmento de mercado poco explorado e insatisfecho en el cantón de Carrillo y Liberia. Esto con el objetivo de que la empresa FANUCA sea capaz de crecer en este sector por medio de la producción y comercialización de productos derivados de la leche de cabra, los cuales son leche de cabra, queso, yogurt con sabor a fresa y rompope.
Asimismo, como objetivo general, se contempló determinar la viabilidad económica-financiera para la producción y comercialización de productos derivados de leche de cabra en los cantones de Carrillo y Liberia, Guanacaste, para la microempresa FANUCA.
Para ello, se concretaron los siguientes objetivos específicos para el trabajo de investigación. En primer lugar, se elaboró un estudio de mercado para identificar la oferta y demanda de los productos derivados de la leche de cabra en minisupermercados, supermercados, queserías, cafeterías, carnicerías y hoteles de Carrillo y Liberia. Asimismo, se formuló un estudio técnico con la finalidad de estimar el valor de los materiales de construcción, del equipo y de los insumos requeridos para la producción y comercialización de derivados lácteos caprinos.
Igualmente, se diseñó un estudio organizacional que permitiera una adecuada gestión del recurso humano en la producción y comercialización de productos derivados de la leche de cabra. En ese sentido, se elaboró un estudio legal-ambiental para identificar los requerimientos vigentes para la producción y comercialización de productos derivados de leche de cabra en los cantones de Liberia y Carrillo.
Como último objetivo, se realizó un estudio financiero con el fin de determinar la viabilidad de la producción y comercialización de derivados lácteos caprinos en los cantones de Carrillo y Liberia.
Por otra parte, la metodología empleada en la investigación se clasifica como exploratoria, descriptiva, correlacional y explicativa, y su enfoque es mixto, pues, en la conformación del estudio, se utilizaron datos cualitativos y cuantitativos.
Además, la población seleccionada se clasifica en finita o pequeña debido a que se conoce el tamaño de la población de estudio (un total de 52 encuestados de ambos cantones) y se utilizó el censo (estadística) como técnica de recolección de datos, debido a que los datos recopilados fueron analizados a lo largo de cada uno de los estudios elaborados en la investigación.
En lo referente a las fuentes de información, se utilizaron fuentes primarias, ya que se realizaron preguntas a don Guillermo Núñez acerca del proceso que conlleva elaborar cada uno de los derivados y consideraciones acerca de la estructura organizacional, entre otros aspectos.
De igual manera, se realizaron preguntas a los funcionarios públicos de las diferentes instituciones gubernamentales con el propósito de que la microempresa desarrolle sus actividades dentro del marco legal. Además, se le consultó a la propietaria de la empresa Lácteos Caprilove dedicada a la elaboración de lácteos caprinos, acerca del equipo requerido para elaborar los productos.
En esa misma línea, los locales comerciales, al ser fuentes primarias, brindaron información acerca de insumos, materiales y equipo necesario para el proyecto, así como lo hicieron los clientes potenciales (minisupermercados, supermercados, queserías, carnicerías, cafeterías y hoteles) de Liberia y Carrillo.
En cuanto a las fuentes secundarias, se consultaron libros, estudios de proyectos similares, artículos de revistas académicas e informes digitales, tesis, documentos en la web e información de instituciones gubernamentales.
De acuerdo con el análisis de los resultados, se concluye lo siguiente: pese a no contar con competencia directa en la zona de Carrillo y Liberia, se determinó que los clientes potenciales no son suficientes para que la empresa genere valor. Además de ello, se determinó que la oferta de los derivados caprinos es reducida, ya que, de los 52 negocios encuestados, únicamente 5 comercializan este tipo de productos.
De igual manera, el estudio de mercado permitió conocer las preferencias de los clientes potenciales, puesto que el yogurt en ambas presentaciones, la leche y el rompope de un litro presentaron una mayor aceptación en los cantones de Carrillo y Liberia.
En esa misma línea, la leche y el rompope en presentaciones de 210 ml presentaron una menor aceptación por parte de los negocios encuestados.
Asimismo, a pesar de que se creó una estructura organizacional acorde con la microempresa y que, sumado a ello, no existe ninguna ley que prohíba la construcción del recinto y la comercialización de los derivados lácteos caprinos, se demuestra que el proyecto no es viable.
La razón de ello es debido a que los costos poseen niveles superiores a los ingresos, por lo tanto, mediante los estudios realizados, en un escenario realista, se comprueba, a partir del estudio financiero, que el proyecto no es rentable para su realización.
Considerando los resultados obtenidos en la presente investigación, se le recomienda al inversionista lo siguiente: evitar realizar la inversión estipulada en el proyecto, ya que esto le generará pérdidas monetarias y endeudamientos a los cuales no podrá hacerles frente. Además, se deben explorar otros posibles nichos de mercado puesto que la leche de cabra, al tener propiedades saludables para las personas, puede captar la atención de clientes potenciales.
Igualmente, se le plantea, al propietario de la microempresa FANUCA, examinar la posible venta de productos que generen menores costos para la microempresa y que posean factores innovadores con el fin de captar la atención de posibles clientes.
Asimismo, se le sugiere al empresario que opte por participar en ferias de emprendedores, con el objetivo de dar a conocer los productos a base de leche de cabra en las diversas zonas de la provincia de Guanacaste.
Finalmente, se le propone al inversionista que realice los trámites necesarios para obtener los permisos y requerimientos dentro del marco legal, para asegurarles a los clientes que los derivados lácteos son elaborados bajo altos estándares de calidad e higiene.
The purpose of this document is based on an economic-financial feasibility study for the production and marketing of goat milk products in the cantons of Carrillo and Liberia, Guanacaste for the microenterprise FANUCA. Among the existing problems is the existence of studies that confirm that goat milk has low levels of lactose compared to the milk of other animals, which makes it more digestible. To the same extent, it provides human health with a higher protein content, since its benefits are manifested in people with some medical conditions. Likewise, research shows that the consumption of goat dairy products in the country has increased. This has been registered in the increase of imports in recent years, however, the supply in the market by Costa Rican goat farmers is scarce. For the most part, production is for self-consumption. Therefore, this project solves the problem due to the little explored and unsatisfied market segment in the canton of Carrillo and Liberia. The objective is for FANUCA to be able to grow in this sector through the production and marketing of products derived from goat's milk, which are goat's milk, cheese, strawberry-flavored yogurt and sour cream. Likewise, the general objective was to determine the economic and financial feasibility for the production and marketing of goat milk products in the cantons of Carrillo and Liberia, Guanacaste, for the microenterprise FANUCA. To this end, the following specific objectives were defined for the research work. First, a market study was carried out to identify the supply and demand of goat milk products in mini-supermarkets, supermarkets, cheese shops, cafeterias, butcher shops and hotels in Carrillo and Liberia. A technical study was also formulated to estimate the value of construction materials, equipment and inputs required for the production and marketing of goat milk derivatives. An organizational study was also designed to ensure adequate human resource management in the production and marketing of goat milk products. A legal-environmental study was carried out to identify the current requirements for the production and marketing of goat milk products in the cantons of Liberia and Carrillo. As a final objective, a financial study was conducted to determine the viability of the production and marketing of goat milk derivatives in the cantons of Carrillo and Liberia. On the other hand, the methodology used in the research is classified as exploratory, descriptive, correlational and explanatory, and its approach is mixed, since, in the conformation of the study, qualitative and quantitative data were used. In addition, the selected population is classified as finite or small because the size of the study population is known (a total of 52 respondents from both cantons) and the census (statistics) was used as a data collection technique, because the data collected were analyzed throughout each of the studies elaborated in the research. Regarding the sources of information, primary sources were used, since questions were asked to Mr. Guillermo Núñez about the process involved in elaborating each of the derivatives and considerations about the organizational structure, among other aspects. Questions were also asked of public officials from different government institutions to ensure that the microenterprise develops its activities within the legal framework. In addition, the owner of Lácteos Caprilove, a goat dairy products company, was consulted about the equipment required to produce the products. In the same vein, commercial establishments, as primary sources, provided information about inputs, materials and equipment needed for the project, as did potential clients (mini-supermarkets, supermarkets, cheese shops, butcher shops, cafeterias and hotels) in Liberia and Carrillo. As for secondary sources, books, studies of similar projects, academic journal articles and digital reports, theses, web documents and information from government institutions were consulted. Based on the analysis of the results, the following is concluded: despite not having direct competition in the area of Carrillo and Liberia, it was determined that the potential clients are not enough for the company to generate value. In addition, it was determined that the supply of goat products is limited, since of the 52 businesses surveyed, only 5 market this type of product. The market study also revealed the preferences of potential customers, since yogurt in both presentations, milk and one-liter rompope, were more widely accepted in the cantons of Carrillo and Liberia. In the same line, milk and eggnog in 210 ml presentations were less accepted by the surveyed businesses. Furthermore, despite the fact that an organizational structure was created in accordance with the microenterprise and that, in addition, there is no law prohibiting the construction of the premises and the commercialization of goat dairy products, the project is not viable. The reason for this is due to the fact that the costs are higher than the income, therefore, through the studies carried out, in a realistic scenario, it is proven, from the financial study, that the project is not profitable to carry out. Considering the results obtained in the present investigation, the investor is recommended to avoid making the investment stipulated in the project, since this will generate monetary losses and indebtedness that he/she will not be able to face. In addition, other possible market niches should be explored, since goat's milk, having healthy properties for people, can capture the attention of potential customers. The owner of the microenterprise FANUCA should also examine the possibility of selling products that generate lower costs for the microenterprise and have innovative factors in order to attract the attention of potential customers. It is also suggested that the entrepreneur opt to participate in entrepreneurial fairs, in order to publicize the goat milk-based products in the various areas of the province of Guanacaste. Finally, it is suggested that the investor take the necessary steps to obtain the necessary permits and requirements within the legal framework to assure customers that the dairy products are produced under high standards of quality and hygiene.
The purpose of this document is based on an economic-financial feasibility study for the production and marketing of goat milk products in the cantons of Carrillo and Liberia, Guanacaste for the microenterprise FANUCA. Among the existing problems is the existence of studies that confirm that goat milk has low levels of lactose compared to the milk of other animals, which makes it more digestible. To the same extent, it provides human health with a higher protein content, since its benefits are manifested in people with some medical conditions. Likewise, research shows that the consumption of goat dairy products in the country has increased. This has been registered in the increase of imports in recent years, however, the supply in the market by Costa Rican goat farmers is scarce. For the most part, production is for self-consumption. Therefore, this project solves the problem due to the little explored and unsatisfied market segment in the canton of Carrillo and Liberia. The objective is for FANUCA to be able to grow in this sector through the production and marketing of products derived from goat's milk, which are goat's milk, cheese, strawberry-flavored yogurt and sour cream. Likewise, the general objective was to determine the economic and financial feasibility for the production and marketing of goat milk products in the cantons of Carrillo and Liberia, Guanacaste, for the microenterprise FANUCA. To this end, the following specific objectives were defined for the research work. First, a market study was carried out to identify the supply and demand of goat milk products in mini-supermarkets, supermarkets, cheese shops, cafeterias, butcher shops and hotels in Carrillo and Liberia. A technical study was also formulated to estimate the value of construction materials, equipment and inputs required for the production and marketing of goat milk derivatives. An organizational study was also designed to ensure adequate human resource management in the production and marketing of goat milk products. A legal-environmental study was carried out to identify the current requirements for the production and marketing of goat milk products in the cantons of Liberia and Carrillo. As a final objective, a financial study was conducted to determine the viability of the production and marketing of goat milk derivatives in the cantons of Carrillo and Liberia. On the other hand, the methodology used in the research is classified as exploratory, descriptive, correlational and explanatory, and its approach is mixed, since, in the conformation of the study, qualitative and quantitative data were used. In addition, the selected population is classified as finite or small because the size of the study population is known (a total of 52 respondents from both cantons) and the census (statistics) was used as a data collection technique, because the data collected were analyzed throughout each of the studies elaborated in the research. Regarding the sources of information, primary sources were used, since questions were asked to Mr. Guillermo Núñez about the process involved in elaborating each of the derivatives and considerations about the organizational structure, among other aspects. Questions were also asked of public officials from different government institutions to ensure that the microenterprise develops its activities within the legal framework. In addition, the owner of Lácteos Caprilove, a goat dairy products company, was consulted about the equipment required to produce the products. In the same vein, commercial establishments, as primary sources, provided information about inputs, materials and equipment needed for the project, as did potential clients (mini-supermarkets, supermarkets, cheese shops, butcher shops, cafeterias and hotels) in Liberia and Carrillo. As for secondary sources, books, studies of similar projects, academic journal articles and digital reports, theses, web documents and information from government institutions were consulted. Based on the analysis of the results, the following is concluded: despite not having direct competition in the area of Carrillo and Liberia, it was determined that the potential clients are not enough for the company to generate value. In addition, it was determined that the supply of goat products is limited, since of the 52 businesses surveyed, only 5 market this type of product. The market study also revealed the preferences of potential customers, since yogurt in both presentations, milk and one-liter rompope, were more widely accepted in the cantons of Carrillo and Liberia. In the same line, milk and eggnog in 210 ml presentations were less accepted by the surveyed businesses. Furthermore, despite the fact that an organizational structure was created in accordance with the microenterprise and that, in addition, there is no law prohibiting the construction of the premises and the commercialization of goat dairy products, the project is not viable. The reason for this is due to the fact that the costs are higher than the income, therefore, through the studies carried out, in a realistic scenario, it is proven, from the financial study, that the project is not profitable to carry out. Considering the results obtained in the present investigation, the investor is recommended to avoid making the investment stipulated in the project, since this will generate monetary losses and indebtedness that he/she will not be able to face. In addition, other possible market niches should be explored, since goat's milk, having healthy properties for people, can capture the attention of potential customers. The owner of the microenterprise FANUCA should also examine the possibility of selling products that generate lower costs for the microenterprise and have innovative factors in order to attract the attention of potential customers. It is also suggested that the entrepreneur opt to participate in entrepreneurial fairs, in order to publicize the goat milk-based products in the various areas of the province of Guanacaste. Finally, it is suggested that the investor take the necessary steps to obtain the necessary permits and requirements within the legal framework to assure customers that the dairy products are produced under high standards of quality and hygiene.
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ADMINISTRACION, GESTION FINANCIERA, MERCADO, OFERTA Y DEMANDA, COMERCIALIZACION, CARRILLO (CANTON), LIBERIA (CANTÓN), GUANACASTE (COSTA RICA), ADMINISTRATION, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, MARKETING, SUPPLY AND DEMAND