Evaluación de la actividad larvicida de frutos de Solanum mammosum L. (Pichichío) como alternativa en la elaboración de insecticidas naturales
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Fecha
2008
Autores
Sancho Solano., Andrea María
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Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)
Resumen
El presente trabajo evaluó la actividad insecticida de diferentes extractos de diferente polaridad y una mezcla de alcaloides, provenientes U frutos maduros de Solanum mammosum L. (Pichichío) sobre larvas de Aedes aegypti para determinar los niveles de susceptibilidad. El mayor efecto tóxico correspondió al extracto con ácido acético con un 95 y 99 % de mortalidad a las 24 y 48 h a 2000 ppm, seguido por la mezcla de alcaloides, la cual presentó 89 y 92 % de mortalidad a 24 y 48 h respectivamente a una concentración de 2000 ppm. El extracto acuoso presentó 91 y 93% de mortalidad a 24 y 48 h a una concentración de 3000 ppm. Los resultados de las rectas probit-logarítmicas indicaron susceptibilidad de larvas de A. aegypti hacia los extractos con agua, ácido acético, metanol, etanol y la mezcla de alcaloides con CLso menores a 1000 ppm. La actividad insecticida encontrada en los extractos evaluados se atribuye; posiblemente a la presencia de alcaloides esteroidales como la solasodina, la solasonina y la solamargina, que se han reportado en la literatura científica que contiene el fruto de S. mammosum, y que poseen propiedades tóxicas sobre diferentes organismos, entre otras sustancias. La presencia de alcaloides esteroidales en los extractos con mayor acción insecticida a través del monitoreo por cromatografía de capa fina (CCF) y los resultados de las pruebas de toxicidad con la mezcla de alcaloides, relaciona este tipo de moléculas con acción tóxica sobre larvas de A. aegypti. Los resultados indican que los frutos maduros de S. mammosum son una fuente potencial para la confección de nuevos insecticidas naturales.
The present work evaluated the insecticidal activity of different extracts of different polarity and a mixture of alkaloids, coming from the mature fruits of Solanum mammosum L. (Pichichío) on Aedes aegypti larvae to determine susceptibility levels. The greatest toxic effect corresponded to the extract with acetic acid with 95 and 99 % mortality at 24 and 48 h at 2000 ppm, followed by the mixture of alkaloids, which presented 89 and 92 % mortality at 24 and 48 h respectively at a concentration of 2000 ppm. The aqueous extract presented 91 and 93% mortality at 24 and 48 h at a concentration of 3000 ppm. The results of the probit-logarithmic lines indicated susceptibility of A. aegypti larvae towards the extracts with water, acetic acid, methanol, ethanol and the mixture of alkaloids with CLso lower than 1000 ppm. The insecticidal activity found in the evaluated extracts is attributed; possibly due to the presence of steroidal alkaloids such as solasodine, solasonine and solamargine, which have been reported in the scientific literature to contain the fruit of S. mammosum, and which have toxic properties on different organisms, among other substances. The presence of steroidal alkaloids in the extracts with greater insecticidal action through monitoring by thin layer chromatography (TCF) and the results of the toxicity tests with the mixture of alkaloids, relates this type of molecules with toxic action on A larvae. aegypti The results indicate that the ripe fruits of S. mammosum are a potential source for making new natural insecticides.
The present work evaluated the insecticidal activity of different extracts of different polarity and a mixture of alkaloids, coming from the mature fruits of Solanum mammosum L. (Pichichío) on Aedes aegypti larvae to determine susceptibility levels. The greatest toxic effect corresponded to the extract with acetic acid with 95 and 99 % mortality at 24 and 48 h at 2000 ppm, followed by the mixture of alkaloids, which presented 89 and 92 % mortality at 24 and 48 h respectively at a concentration of 2000 ppm. The aqueous extract presented 91 and 93% mortality at 24 and 48 h at a concentration of 3000 ppm. The results of the probit-logarithmic lines indicated susceptibility of A. aegypti larvae towards the extracts with water, acetic acid, methanol, ethanol and the mixture of alkaloids with CLso lower than 1000 ppm. The insecticidal activity found in the evaluated extracts is attributed; possibly due to the presence of steroidal alkaloids such as solasodine, solasonine and solamargine, which have been reported in the scientific literature to contain the fruit of S. mammosum, and which have toxic properties on different organisms, among other substances. The presence of steroidal alkaloids in the extracts with greater insecticidal action through monitoring by thin layer chromatography (TCF) and the results of the toxicity tests with the mixture of alkaloids, relates this type of molecules with toxic action on A larvae. aegypti The results indicate that the ripe fruits of S. mammosum are a potential source for making new natural insecticides.
Descripción
Sancho Solano, A. M. (2008). Evaluación de la actividad larvicida de frutos de Solanum mammosum L. (Pichichío) como alternativa en la elaboración de insecticidas naturales. [Tesis de Licenciatura]. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica.
Palabras clave
EVALUACION, LARVAS, FRUTO, INSECTICIDAS, DENGUE, AEDES AEGYPTI, MOSQUITOS, EVALUATION, LARVAE