Factores determinantes del trabajo informal en Costa Rica, implicaciones en el desarrollo humano y lineamientos para su reducción
Fecha
2024-06-24
Autores
Rojas Jiménez, Andrey Gerardo
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
El trabajo informal es un fenómeno laboral de gran relevancia a nivel global, que afecta a millones de personas en todo el mundo. Se caracteriza por desarrollarse al margen de las regulaciones legales, dejando a estos trabajadores sin acceso a protecciones laborales fundamentales. Entre las principales desventajas que enfrentan los trabajadores informales se encuentran la falta de contratos formales, lo cual se traduce en la privación de derechos laborales esenciales, que van desde un salario justo hasta regulaciones adecuadas sobre jornadas laborales y prestaciones sociales. Esta situación genera una mayor inestabilidad económica y amplía vulnerabilidad de los trabajadores, quienes son empujados a aceptar trabajos en condiciones precarias e inseguras, afectando el bienestar individual y el de sus familias. Además, el trabajo informal limita el acceso a servicios esenciales, tales como atención médica de calidad, oportunidades educativas equitativas y una red de seguridad social que los proteja en caso de alguna adversidad. Esta carencia de servicios fundamentales profundiza la desigualdad social y restringe las oportunidades de un desarrollo integral y sostenido para las presentes y futuras generaciones. Costa Rica, durante el periodo 2011-2021, ha experimentado transformaciones socioeconómicas, políticas y culturales que han influido en la informalidad laboral, resaltando la necesidad de investigar sus determinantes y efectos. Esta investigación analiza cómo la informalidad laboral incide en el desarrollo humano y propone lineamientos para mitigar este fenómeno. La estructura de la investigación comprende antecedentes, justificación, planteamiento del problema y objetivos en el primer capítulo. El marco teórico que ofrece las principales teorías relacionadas con la informalidad laboral y que servirán como punto de partida para comparar y verificar dichas teorías con la realidad de la economía costarricense se aborda en el segundo capítulo. El marco metodológico en el que se desarrolla el enfoque, el tipo y las limitaciones del estudio, así como el universo de la investigación en el tercer capítulo. Este segmento también detalla los sujetos y fuentes de información, las técnicas e instrumentos, así como la matriz metodológica y el cronograma de la investigación. El capítulo cuarto corresponde a los principales resultados de los dos modelos implementados, así como los resultados de las entrevistas y lineamientos de la investigación y el quinto capítulo incorpora las conclusiones y recomendaciones. Como cierre, se incorpora el respaldo bibliográfico mediante las referencias y fuentes consultadas sobre el tema atinente de investigación. Este estudio aspira a profundizar en la comprensión de los determinantes del trabajo informal en Costa Rica y sus implicaciones en el desarrollo humano. Además, pretende proporcionar lineamientos orientados a reducir este fenómeno. Para estos fines, se realiza una evaluación de la coyuntura del trabajo informal del país y se ejecutan dos modelos econométricos. El primero se dirige a determinar la influencia que tienen ciertos determinantes de los trabajadores en la probabilidad de pertenecer en la informalidad laboral. El segundo modelo se centra en evidenciar la incidencia en el desarrollo humano de los hijos menores de 18 años que viven en hogares cuyos jefes de familia laboran en la informalidad. Para enriquecer el análisis, se incorporan una serie de entrevistas dirigidas a la población implicada, académicos, organizaciones relevantes y expertos en la materia para obtener una perspectiva detallada sobre la situación particular de algunos determinantes de la informalidad en Costa Rica
Informal work is a labor phenomenon of great relevance at a global level, which affects millions of people around the world. It is characterized by developing outside of legal regulations, leaving these workers without access to fundamental labor protections. Among the main disadvantages faced by informal workers is the lack of formal contracts, which results in the deprivation of essential labor rights, ranging from a fair salary to adequate regulations on working hours and social benefits. This situation generates greater economic instability and increases the vulnerability of workers, who are pushed to accept jobs in precarious and insecure conditions, affecting the individual well-being and that of their families. Additionally, informal work limits access to essential services, such as quality healthcare, equitable educational opportunities, and a social safety net to protect them in the event of adversity. This lack of fundamental services deepens social inequality and restricts opportunities for comprehensive and sustained development for present and future generations. Costa Rica, during the period 2011-2021, has experienced socioeconomic, political and cultural transformations that have influenced labor informality, highlighting the need to investigate its determinants and effects. This research analyzes how labor informality affects human development and proposes guidelines to mitigate this phenomenon. The structure of the research includes background, justification, problem statement and objectives in the first chapter. The theoretical framework that offers the main theories related to labor informality and that will serve as a starting point to compare and verify these theories with the reality of the Costa Rican economy is addressed in the second chapter. The methodological framework in which the approach, type and limitations of the study are developed, as well as the universe of the research in the third chapter. This segment also details the subjects and sources of information, the techniques and instruments, as well as the methodological matrix and the research schedule. The fourth chapter corresponds to the main results of the two implemented models, as well as the results of the interviews and research guidelines, and the fifth chapter incorporates the conclusions and recommendations. In closing, bibliographic support is incorporated through references and sources consulted on the relevant research topic. This study aims to deepen the understanding of the determinants of informal work in Costa Rica and its implications for human development. In addition, it aims to provide guidelines aimed at reducing this phenomenon. For these purposes, an evaluation of the informal work situation in the country is carried out and two econometric models are executed. The first is aimed at determining the influence that certain determinants of workers have on the probability of belonging to labor informality. The second model focuses on evidencing the impact on the human development of children under 18 years of age who live in households whose heads of family work informally. To enrich the analysis, a series of interviews are incorporated aimed at the population involved, academics, relevant organizations and experts in the field to obtain a detailed perspective on the particular situation of some determinants of informality in Costa Rica.
Informal work is a labor phenomenon of great relevance at a global level, which affects millions of people around the world. It is characterized by developing outside of legal regulations, leaving these workers without access to fundamental labor protections. Among the main disadvantages faced by informal workers is the lack of formal contracts, which results in the deprivation of essential labor rights, ranging from a fair salary to adequate regulations on working hours and social benefits. This situation generates greater economic instability and increases the vulnerability of workers, who are pushed to accept jobs in precarious and insecure conditions, affecting the individual well-being and that of their families. Additionally, informal work limits access to essential services, such as quality healthcare, equitable educational opportunities, and a social safety net to protect them in the event of adversity. This lack of fundamental services deepens social inequality and restricts opportunities for comprehensive and sustained development for present and future generations. Costa Rica, during the period 2011-2021, has experienced socioeconomic, political and cultural transformations that have influenced labor informality, highlighting the need to investigate its determinants and effects. This research analyzes how labor informality affects human development and proposes guidelines to mitigate this phenomenon. The structure of the research includes background, justification, problem statement and objectives in the first chapter. The theoretical framework that offers the main theories related to labor informality and that will serve as a starting point to compare and verify these theories with the reality of the Costa Rican economy is addressed in the second chapter. The methodological framework in which the approach, type and limitations of the study are developed, as well as the universe of the research in the third chapter. This segment also details the subjects and sources of information, the techniques and instruments, as well as the methodological matrix and the research schedule. The fourth chapter corresponds to the main results of the two implemented models, as well as the results of the interviews and research guidelines, and the fifth chapter incorporates the conclusions and recommendations. In closing, bibliographic support is incorporated through references and sources consulted on the relevant research topic. This study aims to deepen the understanding of the determinants of informal work in Costa Rica and its implications for human development. In addition, it aims to provide guidelines aimed at reducing this phenomenon. For these purposes, an evaluation of the informal work situation in the country is carried out and two econometric models are executed. The first is aimed at determining the influence that certain determinants of workers have on the probability of belonging to labor informality. The second model focuses on evidencing the impact on the human development of children under 18 years of age who live in households whose heads of family work informally. To enrich the analysis, a series of interviews are incorporated aimed at the population involved, academics, relevant organizations and experts in the field to obtain a detailed perspective on the particular situation of some determinants of informality in Costa Rica.
Descripción
Palabras clave
SECTOR INFORMAL, TRABAJO, DESARROLLO ECONÓMICO, SECTOR PRODUCTIVO, DESARROLLO HUMANO, INFORMAL SECTOR, JOB, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTIVE SECTOR, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT