Principales fuentes de contaminación en la Cuenca del Río San Juan-Sector Costarricense
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Fecha
2007
Autores
Benavides Ramírez, Gustavo
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Editor
Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)
Resumen
La determinación de los Indicadores de presión y la estimación de carga es una herramienta de la gestión ambiental que se utiliza para medir o estimar la dimensión de los recursos naturales que se están empleando, degradando y/o explotando por algún tipo de actividad socioproductiva, además permite valorar la contaminación que se está generando en el tiempo y en una determinada área, a partir de las diversas actividades antropogénicas que se encuentren en determinado lugar. El incremento en las actividades humanas dentro de la Cuenca del Río San Juan, genera una presión ambiental sobre la misma, por lo que se estableció una metodología basada en el aporte de carga de las principales fuentes de contaminación por parte de los siete cantones costarricenses de la zona norte (La Cruz, Upala, Los Chiles, Guatuso, San Carlos, Sarapiquí y Pococí). En este estudio se analizaron las presiones y se estimaron las cargas anuales por medio de Indicadores de ambientales, definidos en tres categorías: 1) Indicadores Globales; que fueron determinados directamente de información de población humana, producción pecuaria, cultivos, y actividad industrial, 2) Indicadores Específicos; que fueron estimados a partir de índices de presión (DBOs, DQO, Nt, Pt, K-O, SST, ST, Grasas, Aplicación de plaguicidas), y 3) el Indicador de Consumo de Agua, obtenido a partir de los caudales de las concesiones de agua para la zona de estudio, además de los Pagos de Servicios Ambientales. Por otro lado, se realizaron análisis de SST y SS para un muestreo ocasional realizado en los meses de agosto, febrero, junio y julio. En la cuenca, del lado costarricense, predomina el uso agropecuario de la tierra, caracterizado por las 212.229 hectáreas de cultivos; donde el cultivo de naranja, frijol y arroz son los más importantes en extensión, sín olvidar los 472.640 bovinos y los 35.053 porcinos. Los proyectos hidroeléctricos representan casi 35 millones x 10° m° de uso anual de agua.
The determination of pressure indicators and load estimation is an environmental management tool that is used to measure or estimate the dimension of natural resources that are being used, degraded and/or exploited for some type of socio-productive activity, in addition to It allows assessing the pollution that is being generated over time and in a certain area, based on the various anthropogenic activities that are found in a certain place. The increase in human activities within the San Juan River Basin generates environmental pressure on it, for which a methodology was established based on the load contribution of the main sources of pollution by the seven Costa Rican cantons of the northern zone (La Cruz, Upala, Los Chiles, Guatuso, San Carlos, Sarapiquí and Pococí). In this study, the pressures were analyzed and the annual loads were estimated by means of environmental indicators, defined in three categories: 1) Global Indicators; that were determined directly from information on the human population, livestock production, crops, and industrial activity, 2) Specific Indicators; which were estimated from pressure indices (BODs, COD, Nt, Pt, K-O, SST, ST, Fats, Pesticide Application), and 3) the Water Consumption Indicator, obtained from the flows of the concessions of water for the study area, in addition to Payments for Environmental Services. On the other hand, analyzes of SST and SS were carried out for an occasional sampling carried out in the months of August, February, June and July. In the basin, on the Costa Rican side, the agricultural use of the land predominates, characterized by the 212,229 hectares of crops; where the cultivation of orange, beans and rice are the most important in extension, without forgetting the 472,640 bovines and the 35,053 pigs. Hydroelectric projects account for almost 35 million x 10° m° of annual water use.
The determination of pressure indicators and load estimation is an environmental management tool that is used to measure or estimate the dimension of natural resources that are being used, degraded and/or exploited for some type of socio-productive activity, in addition to It allows assessing the pollution that is being generated over time and in a certain area, based on the various anthropogenic activities that are found in a certain place. The increase in human activities within the San Juan River Basin generates environmental pressure on it, for which a methodology was established based on the load contribution of the main sources of pollution by the seven Costa Rican cantons of the northern zone (La Cruz, Upala, Los Chiles, Guatuso, San Carlos, Sarapiquí and Pococí). In this study, the pressures were analyzed and the annual loads were estimated by means of environmental indicators, defined in three categories: 1) Global Indicators; that were determined directly from information on the human population, livestock production, crops, and industrial activity, 2) Specific Indicators; which were estimated from pressure indices (BODs, COD, Nt, Pt, K-O, SST, ST, Fats, Pesticide Application), and 3) the Water Consumption Indicator, obtained from the flows of the concessions of water for the study area, in addition to Payments for Environmental Services. On the other hand, analyzes of SST and SS were carried out for an occasional sampling carried out in the months of August, February, June and July. In the basin, on the Costa Rican side, the agricultural use of the land predominates, characterized by the 212,229 hectares of crops; where the cultivation of orange, beans and rice are the most important in extension, without forgetting the 472,640 bovines and the 35,053 pigs. Hydroelectric projects account for almost 35 million x 10° m° of annual water use.
Descripción
Benavides Ramírez, G. (2007). Principales fuentes de contaminación en la Cuenca del Río San Juan-Sector Costarricense. [Tesis de Licenciatura]. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Palabras clave
CONTAMINACION DEL AGUA, INDICADORES, CUENCA DEL RIO SAN JUAN, RIO SAN JUAN (NICARAGUA), WATER CONTAMINATION, INDICATORS