Un acercamiento integrado para determinar la sostenibilidad de granjas lecheras de Costa Rica: 1. Desarrollo de una matriz de indicadores
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Fecha
2004-12-06
Autores
Murillo, L
Villalobos, L
Vargas Leitón, Bernardo
Saenz, Fernando
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Editor
CIPAV
Resumen
Se desarrolló una matriz de objetivos e indicadores claves para el monitoreo de la sostenibilidad en sistemas de lechería
especializada. Se realizó con información proveniente de diez ganaderías lecheras localizadas en Cartago, Poás y San Carlos;
Costa Rica. La metodología desarrollada presenta dos fases: Caracterización del sistema y Desarrollo de una matriz de
objetivos e indicadores. La caracterización comprende el diagnóstico estático, el diagrama de flujo y la definición de las
fortalezas, oportunidades, debilidades y amenazas (FODA). La matriz de objetivos e indicadores claves se construyó para
cada componente dentro de las dimensiones ecológica, económica, social y técnica. El diagrama de flujo indica que existen
cinco componentes principales identificados como: animal, vegetal, infraestructura, humano y suelos.
El FODA revela que en la dimensión ecológica la principal fortaleza es la existencia de bosques en la ganaderías y la
disponibilidad de pastos de buena calidad, originando como objetivo maximizar el uso de forrajes. En la dimensión
económica su principal fortaleza es su rentabilidad, generando el objetivo maximizar rentabilidad por área. Su mayor
debilidad son costos de producción altos, relacionándose con el objetivo de disminución de costos variables. En la dimensión
social sus fortalezas son la estabilidad de la mano de obra y el acceso a servicios sociales; dando origen al objetivo de
optimizar la calidad de vida de la mano de obra. En la dimensión técnica su principal oportunidad es aumentar la
productividad por área; lo que genera el objetivo maximizar productividad por área. Su mayor debilidad es la dependencia
de concentrados, relacionada directamente con el objetivo optimización del uso de concentrados.
Es necesario implementar esta metodología a nivel de ganaderías de lechería especializada, con el fin de determinar su
operatividad y su posible aplicación para comparar la sostenibilidad de sistemas lecheros con similares niveles de
intensificación.
A matrix of objectives and key indicators was developed to monitor the sustainability of specialized dairy farms. The information was obtained from ten dairy farms located in Cartago, Poás and San Carlos; Costa Rica. The methodology presents two phases: characterization of the system and a development of a matrix with objectives and indicators. The characterization is made by means of a static diagnostic, a flow chart and the definition of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT). The matrix of objectives and key indicators was built for each component within the ecological, economic, social and technical dimensions. According to the flow chart there are five components, named: animal, plants, the infrastructure, the human and the soil-water components. The SWOT indicates that the main strength within the ecological dimension is the availability woods and the high quality of pastures, originating the objective to maximize the use of forages. In the economic dimension the main strength is an adequate profitability, which leads to the objective of maximizing profitability per area. On the other hand the biggest weakness is the high production cost, which is related to the objective of decreasing variable costs. In the social dimension the strengths are the stability of the labor and the access to social services; generating the objective of optimizing workers' quality life. In the technical dimension the main opportunity is to increase the productivity per area; which generates the objective of maximizing productivity per area. The biggest weakness in this dimension is the high dependency on external feed supplies which is directly related to the objective of optimizing the use of supplements.
A matrix of objectives and key indicators was developed to monitor the sustainability of specialized dairy farms. The information was obtained from ten dairy farms located in Cartago, Poás and San Carlos; Costa Rica. The methodology presents two phases: characterization of the system and a development of a matrix with objectives and indicators. The characterization is made by means of a static diagnostic, a flow chart and the definition of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT). The matrix of objectives and key indicators was built for each component within the ecological, economic, social and technical dimensions. According to the flow chart there are five components, named: animal, plants, the infrastructure, the human and the soil-water components. The SWOT indicates that the main strength within the ecological dimension is the availability woods and the high quality of pastures, originating the objective to maximize the use of forages. In the economic dimension the main strength is an adequate profitability, which leads to the objective of maximizing profitability per area. On the other hand the biggest weakness is the high production cost, which is related to the objective of decreasing variable costs. In the social dimension the strengths are the stability of the labor and the access to social services; generating the objective of optimizing workers' quality life. In the technical dimension the main opportunity is to increase the productivity per area; which generates the objective of maximizing productivity per area. The biggest weakness in this dimension is the high dependency on external feed supplies which is directly related to the objective of optimizing the use of supplements.
Descripción
Palabras clave
FINCAS, LECHERÍAS, SOSTENIBILIDAD, INDICADORES, FARMS, DAIRY FARMS, SUSTAINABILITY, INDICATORS