Caracterización del hábitat de nematodos entomopatógenos aislados de fincas bananeras de la Región del Caribe Costarricense
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Fecha
2016
Autores
Vidaurre Barahona, Daniela
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Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)
Resumen
Dentro de la producción agrícola de Costa Rica, el banano es uno de los cultivos más importantes en lo que respecta a producción y exportaciones; por lo tanto, es necesario la aplicación de agroquímicos para controlar el efecto de plagas en la plantación, tal como el escarabajo Cosmopolites sordidus. Debido a los efectos perjudiciales del uso de pesticidas en la salud humana y ambiental, y la resistencia en los organismos plaga, se han investigado otras alternativas que complementen el efecto de los agroquímicos y a su vez, sean amigables con el ambiente. Los nematodos entomopatógenos de los géneros Heterorhabditis y Steinernema han sido foco de estudio en el campo de control biológico debido a que presentan una relación simbiótica con bacterias de los géneros Photorhabdus y Xenorhabdus, respectivamente, y ambos conforman un complejo capaz de eliminar insectos hospederos en 48 horas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue deteminar la presencia de nematodos entomopatógenos (NEP) de los géneros Heterorhabditis y Steinernema en muestras de suelo tomadas en fincas bananeras del Caribe costarricense y caracterizar el hábitat. Se seleccionaron puntos de muestreo dentro de las plantaciones y zonas aledañas y se realizaron análisis químicos, físicos y microbiológicos (pH, acidez, materia orgánica, Ca, K, Mg, P, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, textura, biomasa y respiración microbiana) del suelo. Los resultados demostraron que las variables relacionadas con presencia de nematodos entomopatógenos corresponden a materia orgánica, biomasa de carbono y respiración microbiana. Se encontró que 38,4% de las muestras fueron positivas con respecto a la presencia de NEP, de las cuales el 95% correspondía al género Steinernema, y el 5% restante, a Heterorhabditis. No fueron evidentes diferencias estadísticas entre los hábitats de muestreo seleccionados, por lo tanto se determinó que las tres variables mencionadas anteriormente presentan influencia en lo que respecta la presencia de nematodos entomopatógenos y valores altos de las mismas, indican condiciones favorables para su persistencia.
Within Costa Rica's agricultural production, bananas are one of the most important crops in terms of production and exports; therefore, the application of agrochemicals is necessary to control the effect of pests in the plantation, such as the Cosmopolites sordidus beetle. Due to the detrimental effects of the use of pesticides on human and environmental health, and the resistance in pest organisms, other alternatives have been investigated that complement the effect of agrochemicals and, in turn, are friendly to the environment. Entomopathogenic nematodes of the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema have been the focus of study in the field of biological control because they present a symbiotic relationship with bacteria of the genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus, respectively, and both form a complex capable of eliminating host insects in 48 hours. The objective of this work was to determine the presence of entomopathogenic nematodes (NEP) of the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema in soil samples taken from banana farms in the Costa Rican Caribbean and to characterize the habitat. Sampling points were selected within the plantations and surrounding areas and chemical, physical and microbiological analyzes were carried out (pH, acidity, organic matter, Ca, K, Mg, P, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, texture, biomass and respiration). microbial) from the soil. The results showed that the variables related to the presence of entomopathogenic nematodes correspond to organic matter, carbon biomass and microbial respiration. It was found that 38.4% of the samples were positive regarding the presence of NEP, of which 95% corresponded to the genus Steinernema, and the remaining 5% to Heterorhabditis. There were no evident statistical differences between the selected sampling habitats, therefore it was determined that the three variables mentioned above have an influence regarding the presence of entomopathogenic nematodes and high values of the same, indicate favorable conditions for their persistence.
Within Costa Rica's agricultural production, bananas are one of the most important crops in terms of production and exports; therefore, the application of agrochemicals is necessary to control the effect of pests in the plantation, such as the Cosmopolites sordidus beetle. Due to the detrimental effects of the use of pesticides on human and environmental health, and the resistance in pest organisms, other alternatives have been investigated that complement the effect of agrochemicals and, in turn, are friendly to the environment. Entomopathogenic nematodes of the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema have been the focus of study in the field of biological control because they present a symbiotic relationship with bacteria of the genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus, respectively, and both form a complex capable of eliminating host insects in 48 hours. The objective of this work was to determine the presence of entomopathogenic nematodes (NEP) of the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema in soil samples taken from banana farms in the Costa Rican Caribbean and to characterize the habitat. Sampling points were selected within the plantations and surrounding areas and chemical, physical and microbiological analyzes were carried out (pH, acidity, organic matter, Ca, K, Mg, P, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, texture, biomass and respiration). microbial) from the soil. The results showed that the variables related to the presence of entomopathogenic nematodes correspond to organic matter, carbon biomass and microbial respiration. It was found that 38.4% of the samples were positive regarding the presence of NEP, of which 95% corresponded to the genus Steinernema, and the remaining 5% to Heterorhabditis. There were no evident statistical differences between the selected sampling habitats, therefore it was determined that the three variables mentioned above have an influence regarding the presence of entomopathogenic nematodes and high values of the same, indicate favorable conditions for their persistence.
Descripción
Vidaurre Barahona, D. (2016). Caracterización del hábitat de nematodos entomopatógenos aislados de fincas bananeras de la Región del Caribe Costarricense. [Tesis de Licenciatura]. Universidad Nacional, Heredia, C.R.
Palabras clave
NEMATODA, HABITAT, RECURSOS NATURALES, NATURAL RESOURCES, COSTA RICA, CARIBE, CARIBBEAN