Factores laborales, exposición a plaguicidas y síntomas depresivos en mujeres madres participantes de la cohorte ISA, Matina, Limón, Costa Rica
Fecha
2023
Autores
Palomo Cordero, Luis Diego
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
La depresión es un comportamiento complejo del estado de ánimo, caracterizado por una tristeza persistente y pérdida de interés o placer, que depende de factores externos o personales de tipo sociodemográfico, socioeconómico, laborales, individuales, y ambientales. Cualquier entorno de trabajo que implique una alta exigencia psicológica y bajo margen de decisión puede ser un factor que contribuye al desarrollo de una depresión, en especial para aquellas personas que viven afectadas por algún factor extralaboral. Pocos estudios en Latinoamérica han investigado esta combinación de factores en poblaciones rurales agrícolas. Este estudio tenía por objetivo evaluar si los factores laborales y la exposición a plaguicidas parcialmente explican el reporte de síntomas depresivos por mujeres madres participantes de la cohorte de nacimientos Infantes y Salud Ambiental (ISA) en las visitas del primer, quinto y octavo año posparto, tomando en cuenta otras variables predictoras y variables de confusión.
Se analizó la información recolectada de mujeres madres de la cohorte ISA en las visitas a uno (n=349), cinco (n=248) y ocho (n=248) años posparto. Para identificar a mujeres depresivas en los distintos momentos de visita, se usaron datos recolectados con el instrumento Center for Epidemiologic Studies de veinte ítems (CESD-20) en el primer y quinto año posparto, y el Patient Health Questionnaire de dos ítems (PHQ-2) en el octavo año posparto. Se analizó la información de variables ocupacionales, ambientales, sociodemográficas, socioeconómicas, e individuales, recolectadas mediante cuestionarios estructurados. Además, se caracterizó la exposición histórica y actual a plaguicidas usando resultados de concentraciones de biomarcadores de plaguicidas medidas en orina, medidas en cada visita. Posteriormente, se aplicaron modelos de regresión logística múltiple para identificar cuáles factores ocupacionales, sociodemográficos, socioeconómicos, individuales, y biomarcadores de plaguicidas se asociaron con los síntomas depresivos reportados. La población de estudio fue relativamente joven: en el momento de la visita un año postparto, más de la mitad la población de estudio tuvo menos de 24 años. De forma consistente, aproximadamente un 20% de las mujeres se encontró en condiciones de pobreza extrema a lo largo de las tres visitas posparto, y un tercio tenía inseguridad alimentaria. Además, se encontró que las mujeres están expuestas a distintos plaguicidas de forma consistente, tanto a plaguicidas usado en el cultivo de banano (mancozeb, pirimetanil, tiabendazol, clorpirifos) como a piretroides usados para el control de vectores y de uso residencial, como el herbicida 2,4-D (pasto/canchas de futbol). La exposición se relacionó con factores laborales y ambientales.
La proporción de mujeres que reportaron sintomatología depresiva fue 23.8%, 17.7% y 15.3% (N=248) para la visita de 1, 5, y 8 años postparto, respectivamente. Se observó que las mujeres con una sintomatología depresiva cambiaron a lo largo del tiempo; solamente un 2.4 % (n=6), se categorizó con posible estado de depresión en las tres visitas, pero el 6.9% y 9.3% en más de una visita. La sintomatología depresiva se asoció positivamente con el trabajo en los últimos años en una empresa bananera durante el primer año posparto (ORaj=1.83, IC95%: 1.03 – 3.26), pero no a los 5 años (ORadj=0.46, 95% IC 0.18 – 1.17). Los factores que se asociaron de forma consistente fueron: vivir por debajo de la línea de pobreza (ORadj=5.05, 95%IC =1.81-14.06), inseguridad alimentaria (ORadj=3.06, 95% IC = 1.61-5.82), y eventos estresantes en la vida (ORadj=3.36, 95% IC=1.59-7.09). Mientras que tener mayor escolaridad (ORadj=0.39, 95% IC=0.19-0.80) y alto apoyo social (ORadj=0.17, 95% IC = 0.09-0.33) se relacionaron como factores protectores. Variables como el fumado y la obesidad solamente se asociaron con depresión para las visitas realizadas ≥5 años postparto. Finalmente, la exposición a plaguicidas no demostró asociaciones consistentes con la sintomatología depresiva. La población de estudio conformada por mujeres madres jóvenes del cantón de Matina está expuesta a múltiples factores de riesgo para síntomas depresivos. La prevalencia fue relativamente alta en comparación con otras poblaciones de Colombia y Bolivia y similar a la reportada en mujeres rurales mexicanas. Se observó que las mujeres no fueron depresivas de forma permanente, pero si recurrente, dependiendo de los factores a los que se encuentre expuesta. Los resultados sugieren que el trabajo en empresas bananeras puede contribuir a síntomas depresivos en mujeres embarazadas y madres de infantes pequeños, pero no para mujeres madres de niños de mayor edad.
Similar a resultados de estudios anteriores, el conjunto de determinantes socioambientales como el trabajo de alta demanda con poco control, la pobreza, el bajo nivel de escolaridad, y, la inseguridad alimentaria son factores se asocian de forma consistente con síntomas depresivos a lo largo de los años, particularmente el factor de pobreza extrema.
Se recomienda que la gerencia de las empresas bananeras revise las condiciones laborales, particularmente las jornadas laborales, de mujeres embarazadas y mujeres madres con infantes pequeños para evitar su agotamiento, y promover la salud mental. Se recomienda analizar los puestos de trabajo de estas mujeres con respecto a la exposición con plaguicidas; ya que, aunque esta exposición no asoció con síntomas depresivos, podrá estar asociados con otros efectos en la salud de las madres y sus infantes.
Depression is a complex mood behavior, characterized by persistent sadness and loss of interest or pleasure, which depends on external or personal sociodemographic, socioeconomic, occupational, individual, and environmental factors. Any work environment has a high psychological demand and low control that can be a factor that contributes to the development of depression, especially for those people who are also exposed to extra-occupational risk factors for depression. Few studies in Latin America have investigated this combination of factors in agricultural rural populations. This study aimed to assess whether occupational factors and pesticide exposure partially explained the reporting of depressive symptoms by women participating in the Infants’ Environmental Health (ISA) birth cohort at one, five-, and eight-years post-partum, considering covariables and possible confounders. Data from women who participated in the ISA cohort at 1 (n=349), 5 (n=248), and 8 (n=248) years postpartum was analyzed. To identify women with depressive symptoms, we used information collected with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-20) at one and five years postpartum, and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2) at eight years postpartum. Information on occupational, environmental, sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and individual variables, collected through structured questionnaires, was analyzed. In addition, historical and current pesticide exposure was characterized using results of urine pesticide biomarker concentrations, measured at each study visit. Subsequently, multivariate binomial regression models were applied to identify which occupational, sociodemographic, socioeconomic, individual factors, and pesticide biomarkers were associated with reported depressive symptoms. The study population was relatively young: at the time of the one-year postpartum visit: more than half the study population was less than 24 years of age. Consistently, approximately 20% of the women were found to be in extreme poverty throughout the three postpartum visits, and a third were food insecure. In addition, it was found that women are consistently exposed to different pesticides used in banana crops (mancozeb, pyrimethanil, thiabendazole, chlorpyrifos), pyrethroids used for vector control and residential use, as well as 2,4-D herbicide (grass/soccer fields). Exposure was associated with occupational and environmental factors. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 23.8%, 17.7%, and 15.3% (N=248) for the 1, 5, and 8-year postpartum visit, respectively. It was observed that women with depressive symptoms changed over time; only 2.4% (n=6) were categorized as having a possible state of depression in the three visits, but 6.9% and 9.3% in more than one visit. Depressive symptoms were positively associated with work in recent years in a banana company for the first year postpartum (ORadj=1.83; 95% CI: 1.03 - 3.26), but not at 5 years (ORadj=0 .46, 95% CI 0.18 – 1.17). The factors that were consistently associated were: living below the poverty line (ORadj=5.05, 95% CI =1.81-14.06), food insecurity (ORadj=3.06, 95% CI = 1.61-5.82), and stressful life events (ORadj=3.36, 95% CI=1.59-7.09). While having more education (ORadj=0.39, 95% CI=0.19-0.80) and high social support (ORadj=0.17, 95% CI=0.09-0.33) were inversely associated (protective factors). Variables such as smoking, and obesity were only associated with depression for visits at ≥5 years postpartum. Finally, exposure to pesticides did not show consistent associations with depressive symptoms. Young mothers from Matina County are exposed to multiple risk factors for depressive symptoms. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was relatively high as compared to Colombian and Bolivian, and similar to rural Mexican populations. Women were not permanently depressed, but symptoms were recurred for part of the women, depending on the factors they were exposed to. The results suggest that work in banana companies may contribute to depressive symptoms in pregnant women and mothers of young infants, but not when children are older.
Depression is a complex mood behavior, characterized by persistent sadness and loss of interest or pleasure, which depends on external or personal sociodemographic, socioeconomic, occupational, individual, and environmental factors. Any work environment has a high psychological demand and low control that can be a factor that contributes to the development of depression, especially for those people who are also exposed to extra-occupational risk factors for depression. Few studies in Latin America have investigated this combination of factors in agricultural rural populations. This study aimed to assess whether occupational factors and pesticide exposure partially explained the reporting of depressive symptoms by women participating in the Infants’ Environmental Health (ISA) birth cohort at one, five-, and eight-years post-partum, considering covariables and possible confounders. Data from women who participated in the ISA cohort at 1 (n=349), 5 (n=248), and 8 (n=248) years postpartum was analyzed. To identify women with depressive symptoms, we used information collected with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-20) at one and five years postpartum, and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2) at eight years postpartum. Information on occupational, environmental, sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and individual variables, collected through structured questionnaires, was analyzed. In addition, historical and current pesticide exposure was characterized using results of urine pesticide biomarker concentrations, measured at each study visit. Subsequently, multivariate binomial regression models were applied to identify which occupational, sociodemographic, socioeconomic, individual factors, and pesticide biomarkers were associated with reported depressive symptoms. The study population was relatively young: at the time of the one-year postpartum visit: more than half the study population was less than 24 years of age. Consistently, approximately 20% of the women were found to be in extreme poverty throughout the three postpartum visits, and a third were food insecure. In addition, it was found that women are consistently exposed to different pesticides used in banana crops (mancozeb, pyrimethanil, thiabendazole, chlorpyrifos), pyrethroids used for vector control and residential use, as well as 2,4-D herbicide (grass/soccer fields). Exposure was associated with occupational and environmental factors. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 23.8%, 17.7%, and 15.3% (N=248) for the 1, 5, and 8-year postpartum visit, respectively. It was observed that women with depressive symptoms changed over time; only 2.4% (n=6) were categorized as having a possible state of depression in the three visits, but 6.9% and 9.3% in more than one visit. Depressive symptoms were positively associated with work in recent years in a banana company for the first year postpartum (ORadj=1.83; 95% CI: 1.03 - 3.26), but not at 5 years (ORadj=0 .46, 95% CI 0.18 – 1.17). The factors that were consistently associated were: living below the poverty line (ORadj=5.05, 95% CI =1.81-14.06), food insecurity (ORadj=3.06, 95% CI = 1.61-5.82), and stressful life events (ORadj=3.36, 95% CI=1.59-7.09). While having more education (ORadj=0.39, 95% CI=0.19-0.80) and high social support (ORadj=0.17, 95% CI=0.09-0.33) were inversely associated (protective factors). Variables such as smoking, and obesity were only associated with depression for visits at ≥5 years postpartum. Finally, exposure to pesticides did not show consistent associations with depressive symptoms. Young mothers from Matina County are exposed to multiple risk factors for depressive symptoms. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was relatively high as compared to Colombian and Bolivian, and similar to rural Mexican populations. Women were not permanently depressed, but symptoms were recurred for part of the women, depending on the factors they were exposed to. The results suggest that work in banana companies may contribute to depressive symptoms in pregnant women and mothers of young infants, but not when children are older.
Descripción
Con énfasis en Higiene Ambiental y modalidad de graduación: tesis
Palabras clave
CONDICIONES DE TRABAJO, WORKING CONDITIONS, SALUD OCUPACIONAL, OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH, RIESGOS PARA LA SALUD, HEALTH HAZARDS, PLAGUICIDAS, PESTICIDES, MUJERES, WOMEN, EMBARAZO, PREGNANCY, EMPRESAS BANANERAS, BANANA COMPANIES, LIMÓN (COSTA RICA)