Caracterización de sistemas lecheros y efecto de la cobertura arbórea sobre el comportamiento animal en la Cuenca del Río Bulbul de Matiguás, Matagalpa, Nicaragua
Archivos
Fecha
2003-10
Autores
Betancourt González, Katty Emelina
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Esta investigación se desarrolló con la finalidad de evaluar el efecto de diferentes rangos
de cobertura arbórea sobre el comportamiento animal en fincas ganaderas de Matiguás,
municipio de Matagalpa, Nicaragua. El estudio se dividió en dos etapas, las cuales son
descritas en el presente documento mediante dos artículos científicos.
En el primer artículo se caracterizaron 66 fincas en base al manejo, producción y aspectos
sociales o de conocimiento de los productores; la información fue obtenida mediante una
encuesta semi estructurada y analizada mediante un análisis multivariado, el cual generó
3 grupos definidos: Fincas Pequeñas o de subsistencia con menores áreas, los mas bajos
niveles productivo, de sanidad y alimentación del hato productivo y un nivel educativo
medio de los productores. Fincas grandes semicomerciales niveles productivos y de
manejo intermedios y mayor área cubierta por pasturas mejoradas y finalmente las Fincas
medianas que cuentan con las mayores producciones, niveles de manejo sanitarios y
alimenticios más altos y el nivel educativo medio de los productores. Estos resultados
mostraron que existen relaciones entre los recursos educativos y productivos los cuales se
deberían considerar a la hora de aplicar planes de extensión y asistencia técnica en la
zona a fin de mejorar el nivel de manejo de las fincas.
En el segundo artículo se realizó un ensayo con el objeto de determinar el efecto de dos
diferentes rangos de cobertura arbórea sobre el comportamiento (pastoreo, ramoneo,
rumia y descanso) de vacas de doble propósito en producción durante los meses de
verano. Se evaluaron 15 vacas distribuidas en potreros con rangos de cobertura alta y
baja. Los resultados mostraron que no hubo un efecto de los tratamientos sobre el
ramoneo desarrollándose en horas de la tarde y en poteros con baja cobertura arbórea
donde se presentaron los mayores índices. Para las actividades de pastoreo, rumia y
descanso si se presentaron diferencias entre los tratamientos, siendo mayor en
tratamiento con alta cobertura arbórea para la actividad de pastoreo y en horas de la tarde;
para la actividad de rumia y descanso fue mayor en la cobertura baja y en horas de la
mañana. El promedio de producción de leche de las vacas en el tratamiento con altas
coberturas de sombra fue un 24% más alta en comparación con el tratamiento con bajas
cobertura.
Se puede observar con estos resultados que los altos rangos de cobertura crean beneficios
en el desarrollo de las actividades de las vacas al mantener la producción de leche durante
la época seca e incrementar el consumo con el aprovechamiento de frutos que caen de los
árboles.
This research was developed with the purpose of evaluating the effect of different ranges of tree cover on animal behavior in cattle farms in Matiguás, municipality of Matagalpa, Nicaragua. The study was divided into two stages, which are described in this document through two scientific articles. In the first article, 66 farms were characterized based on management, production and social aspects or knowledge of the producers; the information was obtained through a semi-structured survey and analyzed through a multivariate analysis, which generated 3 defined groups: Small or subsistence farms with smaller areas, the lowest levels of production, health and feeding of the productive herd and an average educational level of the producers. Large semi-commercial farms with intermediate production and management levels and a larger area covered by improved pastures, and finally medium farms with the highest production, highest levels of health and feeding management and medium educational level of the producers. These results showed that there are relationships between educational and productive resources which should be considered when applying extension and technical assistance plans in the area in order to improve the level of farm management. In the second article, a trial was conducted to determine the effect of two different ranges of tree cover on the behavior (grazing, browsing, rumination and rest) of dual-purpose cows in production during the summer months. Fifteen cows distributed in paddocks with high and low cover ranges were evaluated. The results showed that there was no effect of the treatments on browsing, with the highest rates occurring in the afternoon and in paddocks with low tree cover. For grazing, browsing and resting activities, there were differences between treatments, being higher in the treatment with high tree cover for grazing activities and in the afternoon; for browsing and resting activities, it was higher in the low tree cover and in the morning hours. The average milk production of the cows in the treatment with high shade cover was 24% higher compared to the treatment with low cover. It can be observed with these results that the high cover ranges create benefits in the development of the cows' activities by maintaining milk production during the dry season and increasing consumption with the use of fruits that fall from the trees.
This research was developed with the purpose of evaluating the effect of different ranges of tree cover on animal behavior in cattle farms in Matiguás, municipality of Matagalpa, Nicaragua. The study was divided into two stages, which are described in this document through two scientific articles. In the first article, 66 farms were characterized based on management, production and social aspects or knowledge of the producers; the information was obtained through a semi-structured survey and analyzed through a multivariate analysis, which generated 3 defined groups: Small or subsistence farms with smaller areas, the lowest levels of production, health and feeding of the productive herd and an average educational level of the producers. Large semi-commercial farms with intermediate production and management levels and a larger area covered by improved pastures, and finally medium farms with the highest production, highest levels of health and feeding management and medium educational level of the producers. These results showed that there are relationships between educational and productive resources which should be considered when applying extension and technical assistance plans in the area in order to improve the level of farm management. In the second article, a trial was conducted to determine the effect of two different ranges of tree cover on the behavior (grazing, browsing, rumination and rest) of dual-purpose cows in production during the summer months. Fifteen cows distributed in paddocks with high and low cover ranges were evaluated. The results showed that there was no effect of the treatments on browsing, with the highest rates occurring in the afternoon and in paddocks with low tree cover. For grazing, browsing and resting activities, there were differences between treatments, being higher in the treatment with high tree cover for grazing activities and in the afternoon; for browsing and resting activities, it was higher in the low tree cover and in the morning hours. The average milk production of the cows in the treatment with high shade cover was 24% higher compared to the treatment with low cover. It can be observed with these results that the high cover ranges create benefits in the development of the cows' activities by maintaining milk production during the dry season and increasing consumption with the use of fruits that fall from the trees.
Descripción
Maestría en Producción Animal Sostenible
Palabras clave
PRODUCCION LECHERA, NICARAGUA, PLANTAS FORRAJERAS, ARBOLES DE SOMBRA, PASTOREO, FINCAS, INDUSTRIA LECHERA, COMPORTAMIENTO ANIMAL, ANIMAL BEHAVIOR, DAIRY INDUSTRY, MILK PRODUCTION, FORAGE PLANTS, SHADE TREES, PASTURE FARMS