Assessing the adaptation strategies of farmers facing multiple stressors: Lessons from the Coffee and Global Changes project in Mesoamerica
Fecha
2012-07-21
Autores
Diaz Porras, Rafael A.
Barrera, Juan F.
Castellanos, Edwin
Eakin, Hallie
Morales, Helda
Tucker, Catherine
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ISSN de la revista
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Editor
Environmental Science and Policy
Resumen
Este trabajo analiza los retos y oportunidades que conlleva el diseño, implementación y difusión de un proyecto interdisciplinario que evolucionó en un esfuerzo de coproducción de conocimiento. El proyecto exploró las estrategias de subsistencia de los productores de café en México, Guatemala, Honduras y Costa Rica que se enfrentan a múltiples factores de estrés económico (perturbaciones del mercado y volatilidad de los precios) y físico (variabilidad climática e incidencia de plagas). Nuestro objetivo era determinar los factores que influyen en las decisiones de los agricultores y las implicaciones de esas decisiones para las personas y los paisajes de la región. Para lograr este objetivo, teníamos la intención de involucrar a las comunidades agrícolas y a los representantes del sector en el proceso de investigación, y en gran medida esta intención se hizo realidad. Sin embargo, el proyecto ilustra las dificultades para lograr la "coproducción" de conocimientos con partes interesadas cuya existencia cotidiana se centra en cuestiones que están en gran medida fuera del ámbito del programa de investigación. Adoptamos herramientas de análisis de decisiones para integrar nuestros conocimientos e hipótesis para encontrar un lenguaje y una estructura comunes para nuestro diseño de investigación. En relación con los encargados de formular políticas a nivel regional y nacional y los expertos sectoriales, nos propusimos comunicar el entorno de adopción de decisiones de los pequeños productores para aumentar la conciencia de las oportunidades y limitaciones institucionales en el proceso de adaptación. Para los propios agricultores, nuestro objetivo era servir como conductos y espejos de sus propios conocimientos, en lugar de servir como autoridades externas en cuestiones que parecían tener poco interés para ellos. A lo largo del proyecto, experimentamos con diversos modos de interacción de las partes interesadas y, mediante la colaboración con expertos locales en estrategias de comunicación, identificamos un conjunto de herramientas para difundir con éxito los resultados. La credibilidad y los vínculos directos de las organizaciones de investigación participantes y los institutos colaboradores con las comunidades locales eran a menudo una ventaja, a veces una complicación, pero siempre un factor crítico en el proceso de interacción de los interesados. Los mensajes construidos a partir del conocimiento colectivo de los agricultores locales en distintas regiones de cuatro países con diferentes historias sociales e institucionales representan información crucial para los responsables políticos que buscan apoyar los procesos de adaptación de la población rural cambios de carácter mundial. Sin embargo, comunicar estos mensajes de una manera útil y útil a los encargados de adoptar decisiones en diversos niveles resultó ser un reto.
This paper analyzes the challenges and opportunities entailed in the design, implementation and dissemination of an interdisciplinary project that evolved into a knowledge co-production effort. The project explored the livelihood strategies of coffee growers in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and Costa Rica facing multiple stressors of economic (market shocks and price volatility) and physical nature (climate variability and pest incidence). Our objective was to determine the factors that influence farmers’ decisions and the implications of those decisions for the people and the landscapes of the region. To achieve this objective, we intended to engage farm communities and sector representatives in the research process, and to a large extent this intent was realized. Nevertheless, the project illustrates the difficulties in achieving knowledge “co-production” with stakeholders whose day-to-day existence focuses on issues largely outside the domain of the research program. We adopted decision-analysis tools to integrate our knowledge and hypotheses to find a common language and structure for our research design. In relation to regional and national policy makers and sector experts, we aimed to communicate the decision–environment of the smallholder producer to enhance awareness of the institutional opportunities and constraints in the adaptation process. For the farmers themselves, we aimed to serve as conduits and mirrors of their own knowledge, rather than serving as external authorities on issues that appeared to be of little interest to them. Through the course of the project, we experimented with diverse modes of stakeholder interaction and, through collaboration with local experts in communication strategies, identified a set of tools for successful dissemination of results. The credibility and direct ties of the participating research organizations and collaborating institutes with the local communities were often an asset, sometimes a complication, but always a critical factor in the process of stakeholder interaction. The messages constructed from the collective knowledge of local farmers in distinct regions in four countries with different social and institutional histories represent crucial information for policy makers who are looking to support the adaptation processes of rural people facing changes of a global nature. However, communicating these messages in a usable and useful way to decision makers at various levels proved to be challenging.
This paper analyzes the challenges and opportunities entailed in the design, implementation and dissemination of an interdisciplinary project that evolved into a knowledge co-production effort. The project explored the livelihood strategies of coffee growers in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and Costa Rica facing multiple stressors of economic (market shocks and price volatility) and physical nature (climate variability and pest incidence). Our objective was to determine the factors that influence farmers’ decisions and the implications of those decisions for the people and the landscapes of the region. To achieve this objective, we intended to engage farm communities and sector representatives in the research process, and to a large extent this intent was realized. Nevertheless, the project illustrates the difficulties in achieving knowledge “co-production” with stakeholders whose day-to-day existence focuses on issues largely outside the domain of the research program. We adopted decision-analysis tools to integrate our knowledge and hypotheses to find a common language and structure for our research design. In relation to regional and national policy makers and sector experts, we aimed to communicate the decision–environment of the smallholder producer to enhance awareness of the institutional opportunities and constraints in the adaptation process. For the farmers themselves, we aimed to serve as conduits and mirrors of their own knowledge, rather than serving as external authorities on issues that appeared to be of little interest to them. Through the course of the project, we experimented with diverse modes of stakeholder interaction and, through collaboration with local experts in communication strategies, identified a set of tools for successful dissemination of results. The credibility and direct ties of the participating research organizations and collaborating institutes with the local communities were often an asset, sometimes a complication, but always a critical factor in the process of stakeholder interaction. The messages constructed from the collective knowledge of local farmers in distinct regions in four countries with different social and institutional histories represent crucial information for policy makers who are looking to support the adaptation processes of rural people facing changes of a global nature. However, communicating these messages in a usable and useful way to decision makers at various levels proved to be challenging.
Descripción
Palabras clave
PEQUEÑOS PRODUCTORES, CAFICULTORES, CAFÉ, ESTRATEGIAS, CONOCIMIENTO, CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO, MÉXICO, GUATEMALA, HONDURAS, COSTA RICA, SMALL PRODUCERS, COFFEE FARMERS, COFFEE, STRATEGIES, KNOWLEDGE, CLIMATE CHANGE