Evaluación de la sustentabilidad del turismo en Áreas Naturales Protegidas: propuesta de un modelo para el Parque Nacional Bahía de Loreto
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Fecha
2020-07-28
Autores
del Castillo Velasco- Martínez, Iris
Beltrán Morales, Luis Felipe
Arnaud Franco, Gustavo
Avilés-Polanco, Gerzaín
Herrera-Ulloa, Angel
Ortega-Rubio, Alfredo
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Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (México)
Resumen
El desarrollo sustentable es un proceso que requiere ser monitoreado y evaluado a través de
indicadores e índices, su selección y aplicación depende del objetivo de la investigación, así
como del área de estudio. En México, las Áreas Naturales Protegidas (ANP) representan uno
de los principales destinos para realizar actividades de ecoturismo, un ejemplo es el Parque
Nacional Bahía de Loreto (PNBL). La aplicación de políticas y regulaciones de manejo en las ANP
requieren de información actualizada sobre el estado de sustentabilidad del sistema. En este
sentido, uno de los objetivos del presente estudio fue realizar una revisión de los sistemas de
indicadores e índices que se han propuesto para evaluar la sustentabilidad del turismo en ANP.
Como segundo objetivo se propone un modelo para evaluar la sustentabilidad del turismo en
el PNBL, compuesto por dos índices. El primero basado en un análisis estadístico multivariado
que permite evaluar la tendencia del destino hacia el alcance de la sustentabilidad dentro de un
periodo de tiempo; el cual consiste en cuatro dimensiones: socioeconómica, turística, ambiental
y tecnológica. El segundo índice es de percepción y se basa en la opinión de la comunidad
residente, empresas turísticas y de los turistas; los indicadores se clasificaron en la dimensión
social y ambiental. El modelo propuesto permitirá evaluar de manera novedosa e integral la
sustentabilidad de un ANP con uso turístico, considerando todos los componentes involucrados
en los objetivos del turismo sustentable. La aplicación de indicadores, tanto objetivos como
subjetivos, ofrece una ventaja respecto a otros índices, ya que considera la opinión de los
sectores involucrados además de los datos duros generados a través de monitoreos y censos.
Los índices aquí propuestos permitirán identificar problemas o riesgos, así como redefinir y crear
nuevos objetivos para el Programa de Manejo del PNBL.
Sustainable development is a process that needs to be monitored and evaluated through indicators and indexes, its selection and application depends on the objective of the research, as well as the study area. In Mexico, the Natural Protected Areas (NPA) represent one of the main destinations for ecotourism activities, an example is Parque Nacional Bahía de Loreto (PNBL). The application of management policies and regulations in the NPA requires updated information about the sustainable status of the system. In this sense, one of the aims of this study was to conduct a review of the systems of indicators and indexes that have been proposed to evaluate the sustainability of tourism in NPA. As a second goal, a model is proposed to evaluate the sustainability of tourism in the PNBL, composed of two indexes. The first one based on a multivariate statistical analysis to evaluate the destination's tendency towards the reach of sustainability within a time period; four dimensions were selected: socioeconomic, tourist, environmental and technological. The second index focuses on perceptions based on the community residents’ perceptions, tourist companies and tourists; the indicators were classified in social and environmental dimension. The proposed model will evaluate the sustainability of an NPA with tourist use in a new and integral method, considering all the components involved in the goals of sustainable tourism. Both objective and subjective indicators application offer an advantage over other indexes, since it considers the opinion of the sectors involved in addition to the hard data generated through monitoring and censuses. The indexes proposed here will allow identifying problems or risks, as well as redefining and creating new targets for the PNBL Management Program.
Sustainable development is a process that needs to be monitored and evaluated through indicators and indexes, its selection and application depends on the objective of the research, as well as the study area. In Mexico, the Natural Protected Areas (NPA) represent one of the main destinations for ecotourism activities, an example is Parque Nacional Bahía de Loreto (PNBL). The application of management policies and regulations in the NPA requires updated information about the sustainable status of the system. In this sense, one of the aims of this study was to conduct a review of the systems of indicators and indexes that have been proposed to evaluate the sustainability of tourism in NPA. As a second goal, a model is proposed to evaluate the sustainability of tourism in the PNBL, composed of two indexes. The first one based on a multivariate statistical analysis to evaluate the destination's tendency towards the reach of sustainability within a time period; four dimensions were selected: socioeconomic, tourist, environmental and technological. The second index focuses on perceptions based on the community residents’ perceptions, tourist companies and tourists; the indicators were classified in social and environmental dimension. The proposed model will evaluate the sustainability of an NPA with tourist use in a new and integral method, considering all the components involved in the goals of sustainable tourism. Both objective and subjective indicators application offer an advantage over other indexes, since it considers the opinion of the sectors involved in addition to the hard data generated through monitoring and censuses. The indexes proposed here will allow identifying problems or risks, as well as redefining and creating new targets for the PNBL Management Program.
Descripción
Palabras clave
TURISMO, SUSTENTABILIDAD, ÁREAS NATURALES PROTEGIDAS, INDEXES, INDICATORS