Caracterización y recomendaciones de manejo de una pradera de pastos marinos en Playa Colibrí, Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica
Fecha
2018-11
Autores
Barquero Chanto, Juan Esteban
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Editor
Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)
Resumen
Existen siete especies de pastos marinos reportadas para el territorio costarricense. No obstante, la mayoría de investigaciones realizadas se han enfocado en las praderas de pastos marinos ubicadas en el Caribe, con pocos estudios realizados para la costa Pacífica. El primer avistamiento registrado de pastos marinos en la costa Pacífica de nuestro país se dio en 1984; sin embargo, a la fecha, son muy pocas las investigaciones sobre pastos marinos que se han realizado en el Pacífico o dentro del Golfo Dulce, por lo que existen importantes vacíos de información. Aspectos como los cambios en la dinámica de las praderas de pasto marino a través del tiempo y el espacio y el efecto de las condiciones ambientales y las variables físico-químicas sobre su dinámica aún no han sido estudiados. Además y pese a que Golfo Dulce es un Área Marina de Uso Múltiple (AMUM), no existen planes de manejo para las praderas de pastos marinos ubicadas en esta zona, ni la información necesaria en cuanto a pastos marinos para poder desarrollarlos. Con el presente estudio, se pretendió caracterizar temporal y espacialmente, la pradera de pastos marinos más extensa del Pacífico de Costa Rica, ubicada en Playa Colibrí, Golfo Dulce, Pacífico Sur. La pradera se muestreó entre marzo del 2016 y marzo del 2017. Se realizaron dos tipos de muestreo, uno con tres transectos lineales de 50 m cada uno, denominado Muestreo Temporal, donde se establecieron diez puntos de colecta separados por una distancia de cinco metros cada uno en cada transectos, los cuales se muestrearon cada mes. El otro tipo de muestreo, denominado Muestreo Espacial, constó de diez transectos lineales de 500 m donde se establecieron diez puntos de colecta a Io largo del transecto separados por una distancia de 50 m cada uno. En cada punto se determinó el porcentaje de Cobertura de pastos marinos y se colectó un núcleo de biomasa, el cual se separó en sus componentes en el laboratorio. A partir de esta muestra se determinó la biomasa, densidad de haces, índice de área foliar (IAF), largo y ancho de las hojas. A partir de los Muestreos Espaciales, se identificó el borde de toda la pradera y se determinó que para marzo del 2016 la pradera tuvo una extensión total de 1.95 km de largo paralelo y 580 m perpendicular a la línea de la costa, para un área total estimada de 812 000 m-2 Por su parte, para marzo del 2017, se determinó que la pradera había disminuido considerablemente con
0.87 km de largo y 250 m de ancho y una extensión estimada de 27 000 rn 2 Dentro de las posibles razones para la disminución, se encontraron el impacto del Huracán Otto, el tránsito de botes en el sitio, el arrastre de posibles fertilizantes y pesticidas a través de la quebrada Caballero y el calentamiento global. En la pradera se encontraron dos especies de pastos marinos: Halophila baillonis Asch. y Halodule beaudettei (Hartog) Hartog, ambas reportadas anteriormente para Golfo Dulce. La comparación entre especies determinó diferencias significativas para las diferentes variables biológicas analizadas en la pradera. Se encontraron diferencias a través de los meses muestreados para la biomasa, la densidad y la cobertura. Además, se determinó un patrón estacional donde la biomasa y la densidad tuvieron sus valores más altos en los meses de julio del 2016 y sus valores más bajos en agosto, setiembre y octubre del 2016. También, se encontraron diferencias significativas para la biomasa, densidad y cobertura entre transectos. Para los Muestreos Temporales, el transecto 1 (Tl), siempre tuvo los valores bajos, en contraste con el transecto 2 (T2) que tuvo los valores más altos. Por su parte, para los Muestreos Espaciales no se encontraron especies de pastos marinos para los transectos I (TI) y el transecto 10 (Tl O). Mientras que los transectos 3, 4, 5 Y 6 tuvieron los valores más altos. Estas diferencias se atribuyeron a la posible influencia de la Quebrada Caballero. En relación con los parámetros físico-qu ím icos del agua. Se encontró una correlación positiva, no significativa entre la salinidad, la biomasa y la densidad, donde los valores más bajos de ambos coincidieron en los mismos meses. Esta misma relación se encontró para el pH. Con respecto a los nutrientes, los valores más altos de amonio y silicato coincidieron con los meses donde la biomasa, la densidad y la cobertura fueron más bajas. Por su parte, se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los diferentes meses para las variables ambientales. Además, se determinó que los parámetros ambientales se encontraban estrechamente relacionados con los parámetros físico-químicos y se identificó que ambos se vieron afectados por el Huracán Otto. La comparación entre los valores biológicos encontrados en el presente estudio y el último estudio realizado en el sitio de estudio en el 2011, demuestran que la pradera ha disminuido en extensión, biomasa y densidad. Por esta razón, las acciones de manejo recomendadas para esta pradera, incluyen un monitoreo continuo de la pradera y sus variables ambientales que sea llevado a cabo en un esfuerzo conjunto con la comunidad. Además, se planteó la búsqueda de espacios de interacción por medio de talleres que garanticen la participación de los diferentes actores involucrados a fin de generar línea de acción consensuadas que permitan el posterior establecimiento de estrategias de manejo que permitan la protección de la pradera de pastos marinos de playa Colibrí y que sirvan como ejemplo para el desarrollo de futuras estrategias de manejo en otras praderas de pastos marinos de la región pacífica costarricense.
There are seven species of seagrasses reported in Costa Rica. However, most of the research done on seagrasses focused on the Caribbean coast with fewer investigations on the Pacific coast. The first recorded sight of seagrass for the Pacific coast was in 1984. However, there are just a few investigations regarding seagrasess for the Pacific coast and Golfo Dulce, causing significant knowledge gaps. Aspects such as seagrass beds dynam ics through time and space and changes due to the effect of physical-chem ical water properties and weather conditions are still unknown. Furthermore eve n though Golfo Dulce is a marine area of multiple use (AMI-JM in Spanish), there are no management plans for segrasses nor enough knowledge to develop them. The aim of this study, was to characterize spatially and temporarily, at monthly intervals, the largest seagrass bed on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, at Playa Colibrí, Golfo Dulce. Field work was done from March 2016 to March 2017, with two sampling techniques implemented on site. One named Temporary with three transects, 50 m long each perpendicularly set to the shore with sampling stations every 10 m. The other one named Spatial with ten transects, 500 m each perpendicularly set to the shore with sampling stations every 50 m. Characteristics such as biomass, shoot density, coverage percentages, foliar area index (IAF), leaf length and width were determined for each sampling point. The seagrass bed and total length was 1.95 km parallel to the shore and 580 m wide and an area of 812 000m-2 for march 2016. In contrast, for march 2017, the seagrass bed length was 0.87 km and 250 m wide with an area of 27 000 m 2 . The probable causes for the loss of seagrass extension, biomass, and density were related to Otto Huricane, boat transit in the area, global warming and the inffluence of Quebrada Caballero. Two seagrass species were found: Halophila baillonis Asch. and Halodule beaudettei (Hartog) Hartog, both previously reported for Golfo Dulce. All the biological variables were significantly different between species. Biomass, density and coverage changed with time, with a pattern were biomass and density were at their highest on july 2016 and their lowest in august, september and october 2016. Also biomass, density and coverage changed significantly between transects. Transect 1 (T1) had the highest values while transect 2 (T2) the lowest for the Temporary analyses. Tl and TIO had no seagrass while T3, T4, T5 and T6 had the highest for the Spatial analyses. Differences between transects were related with Quebrada Caballero's impact on water quality. A positive correlation was found between salinity, biomass and density with highest values matching the same months. This was also observed for pH. Ammonia and Silicate values were higher on the same months that biomass, density and coverage were at the lowest. Environmental conditions also changed as time went by, with a close relationship found between them and the water physical chemical conditions. Both were seriously affected by Otto hurricane. Comparison between the results of these investigation and another one done in the same site in 2011, showed a decrease on the extension, biomass and density for the seagrass bead. Therefore management recommendations for the seagrass bed handling, focused on the specific work lines developed by every party involved based on site monitoring and training for the community. Furthermore, it is important to provide interaction opportunities, through workshops including the different parts involved, in order to generate consensual lines of action. This will help the development of handling strategies to protect the seagrass bed at playa Colibrí and model future strategies for handling other seagrasses in the Pacific coast of Costa Rica.
There are seven species of seagrasses reported in Costa Rica. However, most of the research done on seagrasses focused on the Caribbean coast with fewer investigations on the Pacific coast. The first recorded sight of seagrass for the Pacific coast was in 1984. However, there are just a few investigations regarding seagrasess for the Pacific coast and Golfo Dulce, causing significant knowledge gaps. Aspects such as seagrass beds dynam ics through time and space and changes due to the effect of physical-chem ical water properties and weather conditions are still unknown. Furthermore eve n though Golfo Dulce is a marine area of multiple use (AMI-JM in Spanish), there are no management plans for segrasses nor enough knowledge to develop them. The aim of this study, was to characterize spatially and temporarily, at monthly intervals, the largest seagrass bed on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, at Playa Colibrí, Golfo Dulce. Field work was done from March 2016 to March 2017, with two sampling techniques implemented on site. One named Temporary with three transects, 50 m long each perpendicularly set to the shore with sampling stations every 10 m. The other one named Spatial with ten transects, 500 m each perpendicularly set to the shore with sampling stations every 50 m. Characteristics such as biomass, shoot density, coverage percentages, foliar area index (IAF), leaf length and width were determined for each sampling point. The seagrass bed and total length was 1.95 km parallel to the shore and 580 m wide and an area of 812 000m-2 for march 2016. In contrast, for march 2017, the seagrass bed length was 0.87 km and 250 m wide with an area of 27 000 m 2 . The probable causes for the loss of seagrass extension, biomass, and density were related to Otto Huricane, boat transit in the area, global warming and the inffluence of Quebrada Caballero. Two seagrass species were found: Halophila baillonis Asch. and Halodule beaudettei (Hartog) Hartog, both previously reported for Golfo Dulce. All the biological variables were significantly different between species. Biomass, density and coverage changed with time, with a pattern were biomass and density were at their highest on july 2016 and their lowest in august, september and october 2016. Also biomass, density and coverage changed significantly between transects. Transect 1 (T1) had the highest values while transect 2 (T2) the lowest for the Temporary analyses. Tl and TIO had no seagrass while T3, T4, T5 and T6 had the highest for the Spatial analyses. Differences between transects were related with Quebrada Caballero's impact on water quality. A positive correlation was found between salinity, biomass and density with highest values matching the same months. This was also observed for pH. Ammonia and Silicate values were higher on the same months that biomass, density and coverage were at the lowest. Environmental conditions also changed as time went by, with a close relationship found between them and the water physical chemical conditions. Both were seriously affected by Otto hurricane. Comparison between the results of these investigation and another one done in the same site in 2011, showed a decrease on the extension, biomass and density for the seagrass bead. Therefore management recommendations for the seagrass bed handling, focused on the specific work lines developed by every party involved based on site monitoring and training for the community. Furthermore, it is important to provide interaction opportunities, through workshops including the different parts involved, in order to generate consensual lines of action. This will help the development of handling strategies to protect the seagrass bed at playa Colibrí and model future strategies for handling other seagrasses in the Pacific coast of Costa Rica.
Descripción
Barquero Chanto, J. E. (2018). Caracterización y recomendaciones de manejo de una pradera de pastos marinos en Playa Colibrí, Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica. [Tesis de Maestría]. Universidad Nacional, Heredia, C.R.
Palabras clave
PASTOS, PASTURES, BIOLOGIA MARINA, MARINE BIOLOGY, CONSERVACION, GOLFO DULCE (PUNTARENAS)