La cadena global del marañón orgánico en El Salvador: Dificultades y opciones de mejora en un mercado globalizado
Fecha
2012-08
Autores
Guzmán López, Karla Melissa
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
La investigación estudia la cadena global de marañón orgánico de El Salvador desde la
etapa de producción hasta el consumo final. El objetivo es identificar las condiciones bajo las
cuales los productores salvadoreños pueden innovar con el propósito de mejorar sus
estrategias para enfrentar en mejores condiciones a sus competidores y de esta forma
mejorar sus rentas.
En el primer capítulo se exponen los argumentos que justifican el estudio, las preguntas de
investigación, los objetivos a alcanzar y aspectos teóricos y metodológicos de la tesis. El
enfoque utilizado para el estudio es el de Cadenas Globales de Mercancías, donde el
concepto de ascenso1 adquiere especial relevancia cuando los productores locales procuran
obtener mayores ingresos en la cadena global. El enfoque permite estudiar la generación
de valor agregado, los enlaces entre agentes en los diferentes eslabones, el papel de las
instituciones y el poder en la cadena.
La estructura y funcionamiento de la cadena así como los actores y aspectos institucionales
de la misma se exponen en el Capítulo 2. Los productores y procesadores de marañón
orgánico de El Salvador se agrupan en tres cooperativas que exportan la nuez y almendra
de marañón a países de la Unión Europea, India y Costa Rica. La cadena es de complejidad
intermedia y se encuentra controlada desde la demanda. También resalta el escaso y
disperso apoyo institucional que reciben los productores locales. En el Capítulo 3 se identifican los factores que favorecen y limitan las innovaciones;
también se establecen indicadores para identificar opciones de mejora. Con aquellos se
evalúa a las cooperativas en su desempeño actual con respecto a un escenario esperado en
la producción y procesamiento. Las áreas con un bajo desempeño representan potencial,
para que los actores locales experimenten un ascenso en la cadena.
Los resultados muestran que en producción se puede mejorar en las técnicas agrícolas y
renovación de plantaciones. También es posible incursionar en las certificaciones y existe
espacio para diversificar, combinando actividades del marañón con otras actividades
económicas. Las áreas identificadas con potencial para mejorar en el procesamiento son: la
investigación y desarrollo de nuevos productos y equipos, la búsqueda de opciones de
comercialización directas para evitar la intermediación, así como, el fortalecimiento de la
coordinación vertical por la importancia que tiene para lograr cumplir los requisitos de un
producto de calidad orgánica. Para todas estas áreas se elaboran sus respectivas
propuestas de mejora.
El último capítulo sintetiza las conclusiones para cada uno de los objetivos planteados y las
recomendaciones de política económica. En general, se concluye que el ascenso no será un
proceso automático sino que dependerá de la manera en que los productores afronten el
entorno institucional, la complejidad y el poder en la cadena, así como las innovaciones de
los competidores en el extranjero.
This research studies the global organic cashew nut chain in El Salvador, from the production phase to the final consumption. The purpose of this research is to identify the conditions under which Salvadoran smallholders can innovate, aiming the improvement of their strategies in order to face competitors in better conditions and to improve their incomes. The arguments that justify the study, the research questions, the objectives to achieve and the theoretical aspects as well as the methodological ones are displayed in the first chapter of the thesis. The Global Commodities Chain approach is used in the study, where the concept upgrading acquires special relevance since local producers attempt higher incomes in the global chain. This approach allows discussing the generating value added, the linkages between agents in different segments of the chain, the role of institutions and the level of power of the chain. The structure and operation of the chain, together with its actors and institutional aspects are addressed in Chapter 2 of the document. Organic cashew nut producers and processors in El Salvador are grouped into three cooperatives they exports raw cashew nuts in shell and cashew kernels to European Union countries, India and Costa Rica. The chain has an intermediate degree of complexity and it is a buyer-driven chain. Scarce and dispersed institutional support for producers is also shown. In Chapter 3 factors advantaging and limiting innovations are identified, along with indicators to identify upgrading options. The indicators are used to evaluate the current performance of cooperatives that deal with a production and processing expected scenario. The areas showing low performance represent a potential to get an upgrading within the chain. According to the results it is shows that the production level, the agricultural techniques and renewal of plantations may be improved. It is also possible to venture into certificates to diversify by combining cashew nut activities with other economic activities. The following areas are identified as potential to improve the processing: researching and the developing of new products and equipment; the search for direct marketing options to avoid intermediaries, as well as, strengthening vertical coordination due to the importance to achieve the requirements needed by an organic quality product. There are proposals for improved. The last chapter synthesizes the conclusions for each presented objective and the economic policy recommendations. Generally, it is concluded that upgrading will not be an automatic process, since this will depend on the way producers face institutional environment, the complexity and the level of power of the chain, together with the innovations of competitors abroad.
This research studies the global organic cashew nut chain in El Salvador, from the production phase to the final consumption. The purpose of this research is to identify the conditions under which Salvadoran smallholders can innovate, aiming the improvement of their strategies in order to face competitors in better conditions and to improve their incomes. The arguments that justify the study, the research questions, the objectives to achieve and the theoretical aspects as well as the methodological ones are displayed in the first chapter of the thesis. The Global Commodities Chain approach is used in the study, where the concept upgrading acquires special relevance since local producers attempt higher incomes in the global chain. This approach allows discussing the generating value added, the linkages between agents in different segments of the chain, the role of institutions and the level of power of the chain. The structure and operation of the chain, together with its actors and institutional aspects are addressed in Chapter 2 of the document. Organic cashew nut producers and processors in El Salvador are grouped into three cooperatives they exports raw cashew nuts in shell and cashew kernels to European Union countries, India and Costa Rica. The chain has an intermediate degree of complexity and it is a buyer-driven chain. Scarce and dispersed institutional support for producers is also shown. In Chapter 3 factors advantaging and limiting innovations are identified, along with indicators to identify upgrading options. The indicators are used to evaluate the current performance of cooperatives that deal with a production and processing expected scenario. The areas showing low performance represent a potential to get an upgrading within the chain. According to the results it is shows that the production level, the agricultural techniques and renewal of plantations may be improved. It is also possible to venture into certificates to diversify by combining cashew nut activities with other economic activities. The following areas are identified as potential to improve the processing: researching and the developing of new products and equipment; the search for direct marketing options to avoid intermediaries, as well as, strengthening vertical coordination due to the importance to achieve the requirements needed by an organic quality product. There are proposals for improved. The last chapter synthesizes the conclusions for each presented objective and the economic policy recommendations. Generally, it is concluded that upgrading will not be an automatic process, since this will depend on the way producers face institutional environment, the complexity and the level of power of the chain, together with the innovations of competitors abroad.
Descripción
Palabras clave
MARAÑÓN, EL SALVADOR, PRODUCTORES, MERCADOS, CADENAS GLOBALES, PRODUCERS, MARKETS, GLOBAL CHAINS, CASHEW