Relación entre el nivel de intensificación y el balance de nutrientes en sistemas de producción de leche del cantón de Tilarán, provincia de Guanacaste, Costa Rica
Archivos
Fecha
2004-07
Autores
Betancourt Saavedra, Marbel
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
El presente estudio se desarrolló con la finalidad de caracterizar y determinar
niveles de intensificación; así como, determinar el balance de nutrientes en
sistemas de producción de leche en el Cantón de Tilarán, Provincia de
Guanacaste, Costa Rica.
En el primer artículo se caracterizan 10 sistemas de producción de leche,
determinando niveles de intensificación mediante un índice compuesto por 14
variables relacionadas con intensidad el uso del suelo, las pasturas, la mano de
obra y el rendimiento productivo y reproductivo de los animales. Las variables
fueron medidas mediante un diagnóstico estático e información de registros
históricos computarizados. Las fincas fueron clasificadas en 3 grupos con base en
un índice de intensificación cuyo rango de variación estuvo entre 1 (menor
intensificación) y 3 (mayor intensificación). El grupo de mayor nivel de
intensificación (n = 3) presenta un índice de 2.32 ± 0.10, el grupo de nivel medio (n
= 6) fue de 1.97 ± 0.08 y el el de menor nivel (n = 1) un índice de 1.09. Las
principales diferencias entre los grupos se presentan en los indicadores del
componente suelo, en la fertilización con Nitrógeno del componente forraje, en los
indicadores de producción de leche, longitud de la lactancia, y nivel de
suplementación del componente animal y en los costos total de mano de obra del
componente humano.
En el segundo artículo se llevó a cabo un estudio en tres fincas de lechería
del Cantón de Tilarán, Guanacaste,Costa Rica con el objetivo de determinar el
balance de nutrientes en el suelo mediante el uso del modelo de simulación
PASTOR. Las fincas seleccionadas fueron representativas de distintos niveles de
intensificación. Los parámetros requeridos por el modelo de simulación se
obtuvieron de un diagnóstico estático, información productiva de registros
computarizados y una una evaluación dinámica de las pasturas. Los resultados
indican que en la actualidad los sistemas son insostenibles desde el punto de vista
del balance de los nutrientes del suelo. La carga animal óptima considerando el
punto de equilibrio basado en el balance del Nitrógeno en el suelo para cada
sistema es de 4.25, 4.35 y 3.0 UA/ha/año para nivel alto, medio y menor nivel de
intensificación. Para mantener el punto de equilibrio del balance de nitrógeno se
requiere de una aplicación de 219.66, 216.15, y 66.74 Kg N/ha/año
respectivamente. Se demuestra que el uso de modelos de simulación puede
proveer información importante sobre el grado de eficiencia de uso de recursos en
sistemas de producción animal.
The present study was developed with the purpose of characterizing and determining intensification levels, as well as determining the nutrient balance in milk production systems in the Canton of Tilarán, Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica. In the first article, 10 milk production systems are characterized, determining intensification levels by means of an index composed of 14 variables related to land use intensity, pastures, labor, and productive and reproductive performance of the animals. The variables were measured by means of a static diagnosis and information from computerized historical records. The farms were classified into 3 groups based on an intensification index whose range of variation was between 1 (lowest intensification) and 3 (highest intensification). The highest intensification group (n = 3) had an index of 2.32 ± 0.10, the medium intensification group (n = 6) had an index of 1.97 ± 0.08 and the lowest intensification group (n = 1) had an index of 1.09. The main differences between the groups were in the soil component indicators, in the nitrogen fertilization of the forage component, in the indicators of milk production, lactation length, and level of supplementation of the animal component and in the total labor costs of the human component. In the second article, a study was carried out on three dairy farms in the canton of Tilarán, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, with the objective of determining the nutrient balance in the soil using the PASTOR simulation model. The selected farms were representative of different levels of intensification. The parameters required by the simulation model were obtained from a static diagnosis, productive information from computerized records and a dynamic evaluation of the pastures. The results indicate that the systems are currently unsustainable from the point of view of soil nutrient balance. The optimum stocking rate considering the break-even point based on soil nitrogen balance for each system is 4.25, 4.35 and 3.0 AU/ha/year for high, medium and lower levels of intensification. To maintain the equilibrium point of the nitrogen balance, an application of 219.66, 216.15, and 66.74 kg N/ha/yr, respectively, is required. It is shown that the use of simulation models can provide important information on the degree of efficiency of resource use in animal production systems.
The present study was developed with the purpose of characterizing and determining intensification levels, as well as determining the nutrient balance in milk production systems in the Canton of Tilarán, Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica. In the first article, 10 milk production systems are characterized, determining intensification levels by means of an index composed of 14 variables related to land use intensity, pastures, labor, and productive and reproductive performance of the animals. The variables were measured by means of a static diagnosis and information from computerized historical records. The farms were classified into 3 groups based on an intensification index whose range of variation was between 1 (lowest intensification) and 3 (highest intensification). The highest intensification group (n = 3) had an index of 2.32 ± 0.10, the medium intensification group (n = 6) had an index of 1.97 ± 0.08 and the lowest intensification group (n = 1) had an index of 1.09. The main differences between the groups were in the soil component indicators, in the nitrogen fertilization of the forage component, in the indicators of milk production, lactation length, and level of supplementation of the animal component and in the total labor costs of the human component. In the second article, a study was carried out on three dairy farms in the canton of Tilarán, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, with the objective of determining the nutrient balance in the soil using the PASTOR simulation model. The selected farms were representative of different levels of intensification. The parameters required by the simulation model were obtained from a static diagnosis, productive information from computerized records and a dynamic evaluation of the pastures. The results indicate that the systems are currently unsustainable from the point of view of soil nutrient balance. The optimum stocking rate considering the break-even point based on soil nitrogen balance for each system is 4.25, 4.35 and 3.0 AU/ha/year for high, medium and lower levels of intensification. To maintain the equilibrium point of the nitrogen balance, an application of 219.66, 216.15, and 66.74 kg N/ha/yr, respectively, is required. It is shown that the use of simulation models can provide important information on the degree of efficiency of resource use in animal production systems.
Descripción
Maestría en Producción Animal Sostenible
Palabras clave
PRODUCCION LECHERA, GANADO DE LECHE, INDUSTRIA LECHERA, TILARAN (GUANACASTE ), NUTRIENTES, MILK PRODUCTION, DAIRY CATTLE, DAIRY INDUSTRY, NUTRIENTS