La construcción de narrativas históricas docentes: Utilización del cine en el Departamento de Estudios Sociales del Liceo Ingeniero Manuel Benavides Rodríguez
Fecha
2022-07-30
Autores
Calvo Alpízar, Paula Valeria
González Cascante, Diego
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
La investigación identificó cuáles son las narrativas históricas docentes del Departamento de Estudios Sociales del Liceo Ingeniero Manuel Benavides Rodríguez, con la finalidad de interpretar cómo los docentes enseñan los procesos históricos en la secundaria a través del uso del cine. Para lograrlo, el tema se delimitó a las narrativas históricas docentes en los Estudios Sociales, la enseñanza del cine y la construcción del pensamiento crítico. Se propuso fomentar la apertura de espacios de investigación en la didáctica de la historia y el aprovechamiento de diversas estrategias que posibiliten una educación histórica en el estudiantado.
Esta investigación se enmarcó en el enfoque cualitativo fenomenológico, pues se desea comprender la propia realidad socioeducativa en las clases de historia y cómo los docentes se apropian de las narrativas sobre el pasado y las llevan a las aulas. Se aplicaron técnicas de recolección de datos como: entrevista semiestructurada, cuestionario y grupo focal. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó la codificación temática y teórica, así como una matriz conceptual para la explicación de la construcción de las narrativas históricas del profesorado.
Se concluyó que existe una apropiación docente de las narrativas históricas que utilizan para sus explicaciones y que, en ocasiones ellos recurren a estrategias pedagógicas como el cine para su aplicación. Sin embargo, se interpretó que hay un apego a la historia tradicional y a los discursos nacionalistas, ya que el profesorado no fomenta la criticidad hacia las fuentes de información, al uso de las metodologías de investigación y planteamiento de problemáticas educativas.
Además, las evidencias presentaron que la utilización del cine por parte del profesorado rompe con las metodologías tradicionales de aprendizaje propuestas en el currículo oficial del Ministerio de Educación Pública como el cuestionario o las fotocopias como fuentes únicas de conocimiento, ya que posibilita representar el pasado mediante imágenes, discursos de personajes y espacios y, fomentan la apertura a la construcción crítica del pensamiento en el estudiantado. Es decir, el uso del cine en las aulas se convierte en una herramienta de análisis histórico y en una estrategia de aprendizaje, cuando no solo se concibe como un elemento recreativo.
The research identified which are the historical teaching narratives of the Department of Social Studies of the Liceo Ingeniero Manuel Benavides Rodríguez, in order to interpret how teachers teach historical processes in secondary school through the use of cinema. To achieve this, the topic was limited to teaching historical narratives in Social Studies, the teaching of cinema and the construction of critical thinking. It was proposed to promote the opening of research spaces in the didactics of history and the use of various strategies that enable a historical education in the student body. This research was framed in the phenomenological qualitative approach, since it is desired to understand the socio-educational reality itself in history classes and how teachers appropriate narratives about the past and bring them to the classroom. Data collection techniques were applied such as: semi-structured interview, questionnaire and focus group. For data analysis, thematic and theoretical coding was used, as well as a conceptual matrix to explain the construction of teachers' historical narratives. It was concluded that there is a teaching appropriation of the historical narratives that they use for their explanations and that sometimes they resort to pedagogical strategies such as cinema for their application. However, it was interpreted that there is an attachment to traditional history and nationalist discourses, since teachers do not encourage criticality towards information sources, the use of research methodologies and approach to educational problems. In addition, the evidence showed that the use of cinema by teachers breaks with the traditional learning methodologies proposed in the official curriculum of the Ministry of Public Education, such as the questionnaire or photocopies as unique sources of knowledge, since it makes it possible to represent the past through images, speeches of characters and spaces and encourage openness to the critical construction of thought in the student body. In other words, the use of cinema in the classroom becomes a tool for historical analysis and a learning strategy, when it is not only conceived as a recreational element.
The research identified which are the historical teaching narratives of the Department of Social Studies of the Liceo Ingeniero Manuel Benavides Rodríguez, in order to interpret how teachers teach historical processes in secondary school through the use of cinema. To achieve this, the topic was limited to teaching historical narratives in Social Studies, the teaching of cinema and the construction of critical thinking. It was proposed to promote the opening of research spaces in the didactics of history and the use of various strategies that enable a historical education in the student body. This research was framed in the phenomenological qualitative approach, since it is desired to understand the socio-educational reality itself in history classes and how teachers appropriate narratives about the past and bring them to the classroom. Data collection techniques were applied such as: semi-structured interview, questionnaire and focus group. For data analysis, thematic and theoretical coding was used, as well as a conceptual matrix to explain the construction of teachers' historical narratives. It was concluded that there is a teaching appropriation of the historical narratives that they use for their explanations and that sometimes they resort to pedagogical strategies such as cinema for their application. However, it was interpreted that there is an attachment to traditional history and nationalist discourses, since teachers do not encourage criticality towards information sources, the use of research methodologies and approach to educational problems. In addition, the evidence showed that the use of cinema by teachers breaks with the traditional learning methodologies proposed in the official curriculum of the Ministry of Public Education, such as the questionnaire or photocopies as unique sources of knowledge, since it makes it possible to represent the past through images, speeches of characters and spaces and encourage openness to the critical construction of thought in the student body. In other words, the use of cinema in the classroom becomes a tool for historical analysis and a learning strategy, when it is not only conceived as a recreational element.
Descripción
Palabras clave
HEREDIA (COSTA RICA), ENSEÑANZA SECUNDARIA, SECONDARY EDUCATION, ESTUDIOS SOCIALES, SOCIAL STUDIES, CINE, CINEMA, DOCENTES, TEACHERS