Distribución espacial de los hidrocarburos y los metales pesados en los sedimentos superficiales del manglar en el Estero Tamarindo, Santa Cruz, Guanacaste
Fecha
2020
Autores
Esquivel Rodríguez, Eugenia María
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)
Resumen
Los sedimentos superficiales del manglar del Estero Tamarindo fueron analizados para determinar la composición granulométrica, el porcentaje de materia orgánica, la concentración de los hidrocarburos alifáticos y aromáticos y la concentración de los metales pesados níquel (Ni), zinc (Zn), cobre (Cu), cadmio (Cd) y plomo (Pb). Para ello, se consideraron cuatro puntos de muestreo divididos en parcelas y dos épocas: lluviosa (entre setiembre y noviembre del 2017) y seca (entre marzo y mayo del 2018). El análisis de los hidrocarburos alifáticos, mediante cromatografía de gases con detector de masas (GC-MS), mostró resultados de concentraciones de hidrocarburos alifáticos totales entre (11 ± 2) μg/g masa seca y (346 ± 47) μg/g masa seca. Los resultados de los hidrocarburos aromáticos, obtenidos mediante la técnica de espectrofluorometría, oscilaron entre (0,9 ± 0,1) μg/g masa seca y (4,2 ± 0,4) μg/g masa seca; y las concentraciones de los hidrocarburos totales fueron entre (15 ± 2) μg/g masa seca y (348 ± 47) μg/g masa seca. Lo anterior demostró que existe contaminación por hidrocarburos en todos los puntos de
muestreo. Los resultados obtenidos del análisis de metales mediante la técnica de absorción atómica por llama clasificaron a la parcela 1 como no contaminada, a las parcelas 2 y 3 como moderadamente contaminadas con respecto al Zn y al Cu, respectivamente, y a la parcela 4 como moderadamente contaminada con respecto al Ni y Zn y altamente contaminada debido a la presencia de Cu. La presencia tanto de hidrocarburos derivados del petróleo como de metales en los sedimentos del manglar podría deberse a un origen antropogénico, ya que los ríos que desembocan en este manglar pueden arrastrar contaminantes que luego son introducidos en la columna de agua, y que por sus características químicas, posteriormente pasan a formar parte de los sedimentos; así como también, por influencia de la actividad
turística en la zona. Por lo tanto, la información obtenida en este estudio podría ser utilizada por el Área de Conservación Tempisque para la toma de decisiones con respecto al mejoramiento en la calidad del humedal.
The superficial sediments of the mangrove swamp of the Estero Tamarindo were analyzed to determine the granulometric composition, the percentage of organic matter, the concentration of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and the concentration of the heavy metals nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu ), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). For this, four sampling points divided into plots and two seasons were considered: rainy (between September and November 2017) and dry (between March and May 2018). The analysis of aliphatic hydrocarbons, by means of gas chromatography with a mass detector (GC-MS), showed results of concentrations of total aliphatic hydrocarbons between (11 ± 2) μg / g dry mass and (346 ± 47) μg / g mass dry. The results of the aromatic hydrocarbons, obtained by means of the spectrofluorometry technique, ranged between (0.9 ± 0.1) μg / g dry mass and (4.2 ± 0.4) μg / g dry mass; and the concentrations of the total hydrocarbons were between (15 ± 2) μg / g dry mass and (348 ± 47) μg / g dry mass. The above showed that there is contamination by hydrocarbons in all the sampling points. The results obtained from the analysis of metals using the atomic absorption technique by flame classified plot 1 as uncontaminated, plots 2 and 3 as moderately contaminated with respect to Zn and Cu, respectively, and plot 4 as moderately contaminated. with respect to Ni and Zn and highly contaminated due to the presence of Cu. The presence of both petroleum-derived hydrocarbons and metals in the mangrove sediments could be due to an anthropogenic origin, since the rivers that flow into this mangrove can carry pollutants that are then introduced into the water column, and due to their characteristics chemical, later they become part of the sediments; as well as, due to the influence of tourist activity in the area. Therefore, the information obtained in this study could be used by the Tempisque Conservation Area to make decisions regarding the improvement of the quality of the wetland.
The superficial sediments of the mangrove swamp of the Estero Tamarindo were analyzed to determine the granulometric composition, the percentage of organic matter, the concentration of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and the concentration of the heavy metals nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu ), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). For this, four sampling points divided into plots and two seasons were considered: rainy (between September and November 2017) and dry (between March and May 2018). The analysis of aliphatic hydrocarbons, by means of gas chromatography with a mass detector (GC-MS), showed results of concentrations of total aliphatic hydrocarbons between (11 ± 2) μg / g dry mass and (346 ± 47) μg / g mass dry. The results of the aromatic hydrocarbons, obtained by means of the spectrofluorometry technique, ranged between (0.9 ± 0.1) μg / g dry mass and (4.2 ± 0.4) μg / g dry mass; and the concentrations of the total hydrocarbons were between (15 ± 2) μg / g dry mass and (348 ± 47) μg / g dry mass. The above showed that there is contamination by hydrocarbons in all the sampling points. The results obtained from the analysis of metals using the atomic absorption technique by flame classified plot 1 as uncontaminated, plots 2 and 3 as moderately contaminated with respect to Zn and Cu, respectively, and plot 4 as moderately contaminated. with respect to Ni and Zn and highly contaminated due to the presence of Cu. The presence of both petroleum-derived hydrocarbons and metals in the mangrove sediments could be due to an anthropogenic origin, since the rivers that flow into this mangrove can carry pollutants that are then introduced into the water column, and due to their characteristics chemical, later they become part of the sediments; as well as, due to the influence of tourist activity in the area. Therefore, the information obtained in this study could be used by the Tempisque Conservation Area to make decisions regarding the improvement of the quality of the wetland.
Descripción
Esquivel Rodríguez, E.M. (2020). Distribución espacial de los hidrocarburos y los metales pesados en los sedimentos superficiales del manglar en el Estero Tamarindo, Santa Cruz, Guanacaste. [Tesis de Licenciatura]. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica.
Palabras clave
MANGLARES, HIDROCARBUROS, METALES, CONCENTRACIÓN, CONTAMINACIÓN, SEDIMENTOS MARINOS, HUMEDALES, CONSERVACIÓN DE LOS RECURSOS NATURALES, MANGROVES, HYDROCARBONS, CONTAMINATION, TAMARINDO (GUANACASTE)