Estrategias de Afrontamiento para el Manejo de la Enfermedad Utilizadas por Adolescentes de 15 a 18 Años con Cáncer
Fecha
2019
Autores
Alfaro Alfaro, Melissa
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo general analizar las estrategias de afrontamiento para el manejo del cáncer presentes en adolescentes de 15 a 18 años con cáncer. Este estudio se originó a partir de una necesidad de información cualitativa, que permitiera un acercamiento al impacto del cáncer a nivel emocional y conductual. Por lo tanto, se utilizó tanto el modelo cognitivo-conductual y la psicología oncológica como referentes conceptuales para el desarrollo de la investigación. Se consideró pertinente un estudio con personas adolescentes, ya que se enfrentaban a una enfermedad en un momento de la vida lleno de cambios psicológicos y por lo tanto son una población vulnerable. El diagnóstico del cáncer esta enfermedad y sus tratamientos son percibidos como una sentencia de muerte absoluta y definitiva. La caída del cabello fue evaluada como el no cumplir con el “debe ser” de la persona adolescente y por lo tanto piensan que no son aceptados por sus pares. Al momento de participar en esta investigación, en cada participante se pudo observar una aceptación incondicional de su condición de vida. Ante la creencia de que iban a morir como producto de esta enfermedad, se observó la ansiedad y el miedo. Esto produjo que las y los adolescentes se apoyaran en sus familias y buscaron formas de distraerse de la situación que estaban viviendo. Al percibir que no están cumpliendo con el “debe ser” de la persona adolescente, se observaron conductas ligadas al abandono de actividades cotidianas. Las creencias, emociones y conductas relacionadas con la enfermedad es lo que permitió la identificación de estrategias de afrontamiento en las personas adolescentes. Desde las estrategias de acercamiento se observaron el análisis lógico, acudir a redes de apoyo, la búsqueda de información y la reevaluación positiva. Por su parte, las estrategias de evitación utilizadas por las personas participantes fueron la religión, retraimiento social, enfocarse en otras actividades y ayudar a otras personas.
The general objective of this research was to analyze the coping strategies for cancer management present in adolescents aged 15 to 18 years with cancer. This study arose from a need for qualitative information that would allow for an understanding of the impact of cancer on an emotional and behavioral level. Therefore, both the cognitive-behavioral model and oncological psychology were used as conceptual references for the development of the research. A study with adolescents was considered pertinent, as they were facing an illness at a time of life full of psychological changes and are therefore a vulnerable population. The diagnosis of cancer, this disease, and its treatments are perceived as an absolute and definitive death sentence. Hair loss was assessed as a failure to meet the "should" of adolescents, and therefore, they feel they are not accepted by their peers. At the time of participating in this research, each participant exhibited unconditional acceptance of their life situation. Anxiety and fear were observed in the belief that they were going to die as a result of this disease. This led the adolescents to lean on their families and seek ways to distract themselves from the situation they were experiencing. Perceiving that they were not fulfilling the "should" of adolescents, behaviors linked to the abandonment of daily activities were observed. Beliefs, emotions, and behaviors related to the illness allowed for the identification of coping strategies in the adolescents. Among the coping strategies observed were logical analysis, seeking support networks, seeking information, and positive reappraisal. The avoidance strategies used by the participants included religion, social withdrawal, focusing on other activities, and helping others.
The general objective of this research was to analyze the coping strategies for cancer management present in adolescents aged 15 to 18 years with cancer. This study arose from a need for qualitative information that would allow for an understanding of the impact of cancer on an emotional and behavioral level. Therefore, both the cognitive-behavioral model and oncological psychology were used as conceptual references for the development of the research. A study with adolescents was considered pertinent, as they were facing an illness at a time of life full of psychological changes and are therefore a vulnerable population. The diagnosis of cancer, this disease, and its treatments are perceived as an absolute and definitive death sentence. Hair loss was assessed as a failure to meet the "should" of adolescents, and therefore, they feel they are not accepted by their peers. At the time of participating in this research, each participant exhibited unconditional acceptance of their life situation. Anxiety and fear were observed in the belief that they were going to die as a result of this disease. This led the adolescents to lean on their families and seek ways to distract themselves from the situation they were experiencing. Perceiving that they were not fulfilling the "should" of adolescents, behaviors linked to the abandonment of daily activities were observed. Beliefs, emotions, and behaviors related to the illness allowed for the identification of coping strategies in the adolescents. Among the coping strategies observed were logical analysis, seeking support networks, seeking information, and positive reappraisal. The avoidance strategies used by the participants included religion, social withdrawal, focusing on other activities, and helping others.
Descripción
Licenciatura en Psicología
Palabras clave
ENFERMEDADES, DISEASES, ADOLESCENTES, TEENAGERS, ESTRATEGIAS, STRATEGIES
