Evaluación de fuentes tsunamigénicas en el sur de Centroamérica y la generación de mapas de evacuación en la costa Pacífica de Costa Rica
Fecha
2015
Autores
Zamora-Sauma, Natalia
Chacon-Barrantes, Silvia
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Editor
Geo - Network of Latinomerican - German alumi (GOAL) 7-10 2015
Resumen
Costa Rica se encuentra en el extremo oeste de la placa Caribe, en el sur de América Central. En esta región se da la interacción de cuatro placas tectónicas. La placa Cocos se subduce bajo la placa Caribe y la microplaca de Panamá, e interacciona con la placa Nazca en la zona de falla conocida como la Fractura de Panamá. Esta es una región altamente sísmica. Existe gran debate sobre la capacidad de generación de grandes terremotos en esta zona y el potencial tsunamigénico de este margen de convergencia, tanto para la costa Pacífica de Centroamérica como para la costa Caribe de Costa Rica y Panamá. En un reciente estudio, asumiendo varias fuentes sísmicas, se ha comprobado que aun cuando no se produzcan rupturas gigantes como ha ocurrido en Chile, Sumatra, o Japón, existe potencial de generación de tsunamis que podrían afectar diferentes regiones de Centroamérica (Zamora & Babeyko 2015).
En dicho estudio han sido simulados cientos de escenarios de sismos moderados, esto es rupturas con magnitudes momento en el rango Mw=7.0-7.9. Los autores concluyen que el mayor potencial tsunamigénico se da por la baja rigidez que existe en la parte somera de la zona sismogénica de la interplaca. Esta es una de las hipótesis que explica la generación de los ‘tsunami earthquakes’ (Kanamori 1972), que se caracterizan por grandes tsunamis cuyas alturas exceden las esperadas para sismos de moderada magnitud. El sismo de Nicaragua de 1992 (Mw=7.6) ha sido caracterizado como un típico ejemplo de este tipo de tsunamis anómalos.
Costa Rica is located at the western end of the Caribbean plate, in southern Central America. In this region the interaction of four tectonic plates occurs. The Cocos plate is subducted under the Caribbean plate and the Panama microplate, and interacts with the Nazca plate in the fault zone known as the Panama Fracture. This is a highly seismic region. There is great debate about the capacity to generate large earthquakes in this area and the tsunamigenic potential of this convergence margin, both for the Pacific coast of Central America and for the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica and Panama. In a recent study, assuming various seismic sources, it has been found that even when giant ruptures do not occur, as has happened in Chile, Sumatra, or Japan, there is potential for generating tsunamis that could affect different regions of Central America (Zamora & Babeyko 2015 ). In this study, hundreds of moderate earthquake scenarios have been simulated, that is, ruptures with moment magnitudes in the Mw = 7.0-7.9 range. The authors conclude that the greatest tsunamigenic potential is due to the low stiffness that exists in the shallow part of the seismogenic zone of the interplate. This is one of the hypotheses that explains the generation of the 'earthquakes tsunami' (Kanamori 1972), which are characterized by large tsunamis whose heights exceed those expected for earthquakes of moderate magnitude. The 1992 Nicaragua earthquake (Mw = 7.6) has been characterized as a typical example of this type of anomalous tsunami.
Costa Rica is located at the western end of the Caribbean plate, in southern Central America. In this region the interaction of four tectonic plates occurs. The Cocos plate is subducted under the Caribbean plate and the Panama microplate, and interacts with the Nazca plate in the fault zone known as the Panama Fracture. This is a highly seismic region. There is great debate about the capacity to generate large earthquakes in this area and the tsunamigenic potential of this convergence margin, both for the Pacific coast of Central America and for the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica and Panama. In a recent study, assuming various seismic sources, it has been found that even when giant ruptures do not occur, as has happened in Chile, Sumatra, or Japan, there is potential for generating tsunamis that could affect different regions of Central America (Zamora & Babeyko 2015 ). In this study, hundreds of moderate earthquake scenarios have been simulated, that is, ruptures with moment magnitudes in the Mw = 7.0-7.9 range. The authors conclude that the greatest tsunamigenic potential is due to the low stiffness that exists in the shallow part of the seismogenic zone of the interplate. This is one of the hypotheses that explains the generation of the 'earthquakes tsunami' (Kanamori 1972), which are characterized by large tsunamis whose heights exceed those expected for earthquakes of moderate magnitude. The 1992 Nicaragua earthquake (Mw = 7.6) has been characterized as a typical example of this type of anomalous tsunami.
Descripción
Palabras clave
TECTÓNICA GLOBAL, PREVENCIÓN DE DESASTRES, PLAN DE EMERGENCIA, TSUNAMI, REGIÓN PACÍFICO CENTRAL (COSTA RICA), TECTONIC PLATES, SISMOLOGY