Determinación de metales pesados en el fruto, el grano, la broza y los desechos del café
Archivos
Fecha
2012-08
Autores
Arias Araya, María Fernanda
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Editor
Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)
Resumen
El café sigue teniendo un papel preponderante en la economía costarricense. La calidad de este producto es un atributo que Io caracteriza y que lo posiciona muy favorablemente en el mundo; determinada mediante la catación, es el resultado de un análisis organoléptico, que hace uso de diversos sentidos: vista (tamaño, forma, color, apariencia); olfato (aroma); gusto (acidez, cuerpo, sabor).
Actualmente, la demanda en la producción de alimentos libres de contaminantes, tales como metales pesados, y las recientes políticas ambientales en relación con la protección de los ecosistemas acuáticos, han dado lugar a interrogantes acerca de la inocuidad del café y de los residuos generados en su procesamiento.
La potencial contaminación por metales pesados en el cultivo de café es principalmente el resultado de la ineficiencia en la gestión agrícola, del tipo de suelo, de las condiciones ambientales del sitio dc cultivo y de la contaminación de los insumos agrícolas en sus procesos industriales.
La posible presencia de metales pesados en el fruto del café, en las aguas residuales y en los desechos sólidos del beneficiado conviene ser determinada para valorar la inocuidad del producto y de sus desechos, tema que fue abordado en este estudio de manera preliminar, mediante la evaluación de la concentración de cobre, plomo, cadmio y arsénico, en el fruto fresco, el café en grano, la broza, y las aguas residuales del beneficiado, en una muestra de la producción cafetalera nacional.
Se encontró que el fruto fresco (cereza), el grano de primera y la broza son las matrices que presentaron mayores concentraciones de cobre, arsénico y cadmio.
El plomo fue encontrado únicamente en tas muestras de broza, en valores de concentración entre 26 mg/kg y 196 mg/kg. La mayoría de los valores se encuentran por debajo del límite de este metal en compost estipulado en la legislación canadiense, que es de 150 mg/kg, exceptuando en el primer muestreo en el cual alcanzó valores dc 196 mg/kg.
El cobre fue el metal que se encontró en mayores concentraciones en las matrices sólidas analizadas, lo cual podría estar asociado con el uso repetitivo y/o excesivo de fungicidas a base de este metal para el control dc la roya del cafeto, que favorece su acumulación en esas matrices.
Las concentraciones de metales pesados (Cu, Pb, Cd y As) en las aguas residuales del procesamiento del café en el beneficio se encontraron por debajo de los límites de detección, por lo que en cuanto a este tipo de contaminantes, las aguas descargadas en el cauce receptor, el Río Burío, no generan ningún impacto.
Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio, de carácter preliminar, sugieren la necesidad de desarrollar más investigación en este campo, desde diversos enfoques, que pudieran sustentar el establecimiento de regulación nacional sobre la presencia de metales pesados en alimentos, en este caso particular, en el café.
Coffee continues to play a leading role in the Costa Rican economy. The quality of this product is an attribute that characterizes it and that positions it very favorably in the world; Determined by tasting, it is the result of an organoleptic analysis, which makes use of various senses: sight (size, shape, color, appearance); smell (aroma); taste (acidity, body, flavor). Currently, the demand for the production of food free of contaminants, such as heavy metals, and recent environmental policies in relation to the protection of aquatic ecosystems, have given rise to questions about the safety of coffee and the residues generated in it. its processing. The potential contamination by heavy metals in coffee cultivation is mainly the result of inefficiency in agricultural management, the type of soil, the environmental conditions of the cultivation site and the contamination of agricultural inputs in its industrial processes. The possible presence of heavy metals in the coffee fruit, in the residual waters and in the solid waste of the beneficiary should be determined to assess the safety of the product and its waste, an issue that was addressed in this study in a preliminary way, through the evaluation of the concentration of copper, lead, cadmium and arsenic, in the fresh fruit, the coffee beans, the brush, and the residual waters of the beneficiary, in a sample of the national coffee production. It was found that the fresh fruit (cherry), the first grain and the chaff are the matrices that presented the highest concentrations of copper, arsenic and cadmium. Lead was only found in these brush samples, at concentration values between 26 mg/kg and 196 mg/kg. Most of the values are below the limit of this metal in compost stipulated in Canadian legislation, which is 150 mg/kg, except in the first sampling in which values of 196 mg/kg were reached. Copper was the metal that was found in the highest concentrations in the solid matrices analyzed, which could be associated with the repetitive and/or excessive use of fungicides based on this metal to control coffee rust, which favors its accumulation. in those matrices. The concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Cd and As) in the wastewater from the coffee processing in the mill were found to be below the detection limits, so in terms of this type of contaminant, the water discharged in the receiving channel, the Río Burío, does not generate any impact. The results obtained in this study, of a preliminary nature, suggest the need to develop more research in this field, from different approaches, which could support the establishment of national regulations on the presence of heavy metals in food, in this particular case, in the coffee.
Coffee continues to play a leading role in the Costa Rican economy. The quality of this product is an attribute that characterizes it and that positions it very favorably in the world; Determined by tasting, it is the result of an organoleptic analysis, which makes use of various senses: sight (size, shape, color, appearance); smell (aroma); taste (acidity, body, flavor). Currently, the demand for the production of food free of contaminants, such as heavy metals, and recent environmental policies in relation to the protection of aquatic ecosystems, have given rise to questions about the safety of coffee and the residues generated in it. its processing. The potential contamination by heavy metals in coffee cultivation is mainly the result of inefficiency in agricultural management, the type of soil, the environmental conditions of the cultivation site and the contamination of agricultural inputs in its industrial processes. The possible presence of heavy metals in the coffee fruit, in the residual waters and in the solid waste of the beneficiary should be determined to assess the safety of the product and its waste, an issue that was addressed in this study in a preliminary way, through the evaluation of the concentration of copper, lead, cadmium and arsenic, in the fresh fruit, the coffee beans, the brush, and the residual waters of the beneficiary, in a sample of the national coffee production. It was found that the fresh fruit (cherry), the first grain and the chaff are the matrices that presented the highest concentrations of copper, arsenic and cadmium. Lead was only found in these brush samples, at concentration values between 26 mg/kg and 196 mg/kg. Most of the values are below the limit of this metal in compost stipulated in Canadian legislation, which is 150 mg/kg, except in the first sampling in which values of 196 mg/kg were reached. Copper was the metal that was found in the highest concentrations in the solid matrices analyzed, which could be associated with the repetitive and/or excessive use of fungicides based on this metal to control coffee rust, which favors its accumulation. in those matrices. The concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Cd and As) in the wastewater from the coffee processing in the mill were found to be below the detection limits, so in terms of this type of contaminant, the water discharged in the receiving channel, the Río Burío, does not generate any impact. The results obtained in this study, of a preliminary nature, suggest the need to develop more research in this field, from different approaches, which could support the establishment of national regulations on the presence of heavy metals in food, in this particular case, in the coffee.
Descripción
Arias Araya, M. F. (2012). Determinación de metales pesados en el fruto, el grano, la broza y los desechos del café. [Tesis de Licenciatura]. Universidad Nacional, Heredia, C.R.
Palabras clave
CAFE, COFFEE, RESIDUOS, QUIMICA AGRICOLA, AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY