Comparación de la sensibilidad de dos especies de hidras (Hydra attenuata e Hydra viridis) a dos plaguicidas aplicados en los cultivos de piña para la selección del organismo más sensible en la batería de pruebas de ECOTOX, Costa Rica, 2020-2022
Fecha
2022
Autores
Jones Peñaranda, Caroline
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
En diversos estudios de la calidad de aguas superficiales cercanas a plantaciones de piña de la Región Huetar Atlántica de Costa Rica, se han encontrado residuos de numerosos plaguicidas usados en estos cultivos. Para muchas de estas sustancias se desconoce el efecto sobre los organismos acuáticos, pues entre más sensibles sean estos, mayor será el impacto para la comunidad que los habita. Las hidras han sido usadas en bioensayos de toxicidad debido a su sensibilidad a contaminantes, sirviendo como herramienta para determinar efectos de los plaguicidas sobre ecosistemas acuáticos. En este estudio se comparó la respuesta de la Hydra attenuata e Hydra viridis a dos de los plaguicidas más comúnmente usados en el cultivo de piña y detectados en muestras de agua: el herbicida diuron y el insecticida etoprofos. Para esto se realizaron bioensayos de toxicidad con cada una de estas sustancias y posteriormente, con una mezcla de estas, con el fin de determinar cuál de las dos especies resultaba más sensible a estas sustancias, para luego usarla como parte de la batería de organismos de prueba del Laboratorio de Estudios Ecotoxicológicos (ECOTOX). La H. attenuata fue la especie más sensible a ambos plaguicidas, con LC50s de 16,84 mg/L y 103,01 mg/L; y EC50s de 4,24 mg/L y 23,74 mg/L para diuron y etoprofos, respectivamente. Mientras tanto la H. viridis tuvo LC50s de 36,94 mg/L y 103,01 mg/L, con EC50s de 13,64 mg/L y 53,12 mg/L, también para diuron y etoprofos, respectivamente. La exposición a la mezcla de plaguicidas solo causó mortalidad a la H. viridis y tuvo efecto sinérgico en ambas especies. Estos resultados sugieren que la H. attenuata es la especie más apropiada para la evaluación de efectos de plaguicidas, pero se deben realizar más estudios sobre las interacciones de los contaminantes en mezclas, porque estas pueden modificar su toxicidad para diferentes especies.
In various studies of the quality of surface water near pineapple plantations in the Huetar Atlantic Region of Costa Rica, residues of numerous pesticides used in these crops have been found. For many of these substances, the effect on aquatic organisms is unknown, because the more sensitive they are, the greater the impact on the community that inhabits them. Hydras have been used in toxicity bioassays due to their sensitivity to contaminants, serving as a tool to determine the effects of pesticides on aquatic ecosystems. This study compared the response of Hydra attenuata and Hydra viridis to two of the most commonly used pesticides in pineapple cultivation and detected in water samples: the herbicide diuron and the insecticide ethoprophos. For this purpose, toxicity bioassays were carried out with each of these substances and later, with a mixture of these, in order to determine which of the two species was more sensitive to these substances, to be used later as part of the battery of test organisms of the Ecotoxicological Studies Laboratory (ECOTOX). H. attenuata was the most sensitive species to both pesticides, with LC50s of 16.84 mg/L and 103.01 mg/L; and EC50s of 4.24 mg/L and 23.74 mg/L for diuron and ethoprophos, respectively. Meanwhile H. viridis had LC50s of 36.94 mg/L and 103.01 mg/L, with EC50s of 13.64 mg/L and 53.12 mg/L, also for diuron and ethoprophos, respectively. Exposure to the pesticide mixture only caused mortality to H. viridis and had a synergistic effect on both species. These results suggest that H. attenuata is the most appropriate species for the evaluation of pesticide effects, but further studies should be conducted on the interactions of contaminants in mixtures, because these may modify their toxicity to different species.
In various studies of the quality of surface water near pineapple plantations in the Huetar Atlantic Region of Costa Rica, residues of numerous pesticides used in these crops have been found. For many of these substances, the effect on aquatic organisms is unknown, because the more sensitive they are, the greater the impact on the community that inhabits them. Hydras have been used in toxicity bioassays due to their sensitivity to contaminants, serving as a tool to determine the effects of pesticides on aquatic ecosystems. This study compared the response of Hydra attenuata and Hydra viridis to two of the most commonly used pesticides in pineapple cultivation and detected in water samples: the herbicide diuron and the insecticide ethoprophos. For this purpose, toxicity bioassays were carried out with each of these substances and later, with a mixture of these, in order to determine which of the two species was more sensitive to these substances, to be used later as part of the battery of test organisms of the Ecotoxicological Studies Laboratory (ECOTOX). H. attenuata was the most sensitive species to both pesticides, with LC50s of 16.84 mg/L and 103.01 mg/L; and EC50s of 4.24 mg/L and 23.74 mg/L for diuron and ethoprophos, respectively. Meanwhile H. viridis had LC50s of 36.94 mg/L and 103.01 mg/L, with EC50s of 13.64 mg/L and 53.12 mg/L, also for diuron and ethoprophos, respectively. Exposure to the pesticide mixture only caused mortality to H. viridis and had a synergistic effect on both species. These results suggest that H. attenuata is the most appropriate species for the evaluation of pesticide effects, but further studies should be conducted on the interactions of contaminants in mixtures, because these may modify their toxicity to different species.
Descripción
Licenciatura en Ingeniería en Gestión Ambiental, modalidad: artículo científico
Palabras clave
CALIDAD DEL AGUA, WATER QUALITY, AGUA SUPERFICIAL, SURFACE WATER, PLANTACIONES, PLANTATIONS, CULTIVO, CROP, PIÑA, PINEAPPLE, CONTAMINANTES DEL AGUA, WATER POLLUTANTS