Caracterización morfológica y molecular de Paragonimus mexicanus y Paragonimus caliensis en cangrejos de agua dulce de Costa Rica.
Fecha
2016-05
Autores
Hernández Chea, Roderico David
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
El tremátodo Paragonimus mexicanus es el agente etiológico de la paragonimiasis, una
enfermedad zoonótica de transmisión alimentaria en Costa Rica. En nuestro país se ha reportado
una segunda especie, Paragonimus caliensis, sin embargo, se desconoce si se trata de una
especie diferente o sinónima de P. mexicanus. Resultados de estudios morfológicos y
moleculares han reconocido hasta la fecha únicamente dos especies de Paragonimus presentes en
el continente americano: P. mexicanus en Centroamérica y Suramérica, y Paragonimus kellicotti
en Norteamérica. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo establecer las especies de Paragonimus
presentes en cangrejos de agua dulce mediante análisis morfológico (microscopía de luz y
microscopía electrónica de barrido) y análisis molecular (amplificación de las regiones 28S,
ITS2 y CO1). De un total de 347 cangrejos pseudotelfúsidos recolectados en diferentes zonas de
las vertientes Atlántica y Pacífica, y en el Valle Central, 44 (12.6%) individuos se determinaron
como infectados con metacercarias de Paragonimus spp., las cuales se encontraron sobre todo en
hepatopáncreas (56.7%) y en tejido muscular (43.0%). Los cangrejos pertenecieron a cinco
especies, tres especies reportadas previamente como hospedadores intermediarios de
Paragonimus spp. (Potamocarcinus magnus y Ptychophallus tristani) y tres especies no
reportadas hasta la fecha (Ptychophallus uncinatus, Achlidon agrestis y Allacanthos yawi).
Mediante microscopía de luz la metacercaria de P. mexicanus se mostró sin membrana o quiste,
con un cuerpo de color amarillo con gránulos rojizos, mientras que las metacercarias de P.
caliensis se encontraron recubiertas por una membrana transparente o quiste viscoso, con cuerpo
de color rosado con gránulos rojizos. Mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido se
determinaron morfotipos, basados en el número y la distribución de papilas en la ventosa ventral,
tres para P. mexicanus y dos para P. caliensis. El análisis molecular determinó a las dos especies,
P. mexicanus y P. caliensis, separadas entre sí y con distanciamiento genético de las especies
asiáticas. Esto representa el primer reporte de una tercera especie de Paragonimus presente en el
continente americano. La comparación de los resultados obtenidos en el análisis morfológico y
molecular indican que las dos especies P. mexicanus y P. caliensis son polimórficas. Cangrejos
infectados con P. caliensis y P. mexicanus se encontraron sobe todo en zonas peri-urbanas y
selváticas de Costa Rica. La confirmación de P. caliensis como especie separada de P.
mexicanus dirige varios cuestionamientos sobre la ecología, diversidad biológica y
epidemiología del género Paragonimus en Costa Rica.
En la segunda parte de este estudio se realizó la infección experimental de siete ratas
Wistar (Rattus novergicus), las cuales fueron infectadas con metacercarias de P. mexicanus,
extraídas de órganos y tejidos de cangrejos de agua dulce Ptychophallus uncinatus recolectados
en el Caribe costarricense. Cuatro roedores fueron infectados por vía oral y tres por vía
intraperitoneal. En uno de los roedores infectados por vía intraperitoneal se pudo detectar la
presencia de huevos en heces a los cinco meses post-infección. Cinco de siete roedores
desarrollaron formas inmaduras (3) y adultas (2), los gusanos adultos extraídos de ratas
infectadas por vía intraperitoneal presentaron desarrollo de gónadas, demostrándose así, que es
posible producir gusanos adultos de P. mexicanus en ratas Wistar. Aunque la tasa de
recuperación de gusanos fue muy baja (2.29%), se demostró la susceptibilidad de estos roedores
hacia este parásito. Se recomienda el uso de la rata Wistar como modelo animal para infecciones
experimentales en futuras investigaciones.
The trematode Paragonimus mexicanus is the etiological agent of paragonimiasis, a foodborne zoonotic disease in Costa Rica. A second species, Paragonimus caliensis, has been reported in our country; however, it is not known if it is a different or synonymous species of P. mexicanus. Results of morphological and molecular studies have so far recognized only two species of Paragonimus present in the Americas: P. mexicanus in Central and South America, and Paragonimus kellicotti in North America. The present study aimed to establish the species of Paragonimus present in freshwater crabs by morphological analysis (light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy) and molecular analysis (amplification of the 28S, ITS2 and CO1 regions). Of a total of 347 pseudotelfish crabs collected in different areas of the Atlantic and Pacific slopes and in the Central Valley, 44 (12.6%) individuals were determined to be infected with Paragonimus spp. metacercariae, which were found mainly in hepatopancreas (56.7%) and muscle tissue (43.0%). The crabs belonged to five species, three species previously reported as intermediate hosts of Paragonimus spp. (Potamocarcinus magnus and Ptychophallus tristani) and three species not reported to date (Ptychophallus uncinatus, Achlidon agrestis and Allacanthos yawi). By light microscopy the metacercariae of P. mexicanus were shown without a membrane or cyst, with a yellow body with reddish granules, while the metacercariae of P. caliensis were found covered by a transparent membrane or viscous cyst, with a pink body with reddish granules. Scanning electron microscopy determined morphotypes, based on the number and distribution of papillae on the ventral sucker, three for P. mexicanus and two for P. caliensis. Molecular analysis determined the two species, P. mexicanus and P. caliensis, to be separate from each other and genetically distant from the Asian species. This represents the first report of a third species of Paragonimus present in the Americas. Comparison of the results obtained from morphological and molecular analysis indicate that the two species P. mexicanus and P. caliensis are polymorphic. Crabs infected with P. caliensis and P. mexicanus were found mainly in peri-urban and jungle areas of Costa Rica. The confirmation of P. caliensis as a separate species from P. mexicanus raises several questions about the ecology, biological diversity and epidemiology of the genus Paragonimus in Costa Rica. In the second part of this study, seven Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus) were experimentally infected with metacercariae of P. mexicanus, extracted from organs and tissues of freshwater crabs Ptychophallus uncinatus collected in the Costa Rican Caribbean. Four rodents were infected orally and three intraperitoneally. In one of the rodents infected intraperitoneally, the presence of eggs could be detected in feces at five months post-infection. Five of seven rodents developed immature (3) and adult (2) forms, the adult worms extracted from intraperitoneally infected rats showed gonad development, thus demonstrating that it is possible to produce adult worms of P. mexicanus in Wistar rats. Although the rate of worm recovery was very low (2.29%), the susceptibility of these rodents to this parasite was demonstrated. The use of the Wistar rat as an animal model for experimental infections is recommended for future research.
The trematode Paragonimus mexicanus is the etiological agent of paragonimiasis, a foodborne zoonotic disease in Costa Rica. A second species, Paragonimus caliensis, has been reported in our country; however, it is not known if it is a different or synonymous species of P. mexicanus. Results of morphological and molecular studies have so far recognized only two species of Paragonimus present in the Americas: P. mexicanus in Central and South America, and Paragonimus kellicotti in North America. The present study aimed to establish the species of Paragonimus present in freshwater crabs by morphological analysis (light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy) and molecular analysis (amplification of the 28S, ITS2 and CO1 regions). Of a total of 347 pseudotelfish crabs collected in different areas of the Atlantic and Pacific slopes and in the Central Valley, 44 (12.6%) individuals were determined to be infected with Paragonimus spp. metacercariae, which were found mainly in hepatopancreas (56.7%) and muscle tissue (43.0%). The crabs belonged to five species, three species previously reported as intermediate hosts of Paragonimus spp. (Potamocarcinus magnus and Ptychophallus tristani) and three species not reported to date (Ptychophallus uncinatus, Achlidon agrestis and Allacanthos yawi). By light microscopy the metacercariae of P. mexicanus were shown without a membrane or cyst, with a yellow body with reddish granules, while the metacercariae of P. caliensis were found covered by a transparent membrane or viscous cyst, with a pink body with reddish granules. Scanning electron microscopy determined morphotypes, based on the number and distribution of papillae on the ventral sucker, three for P. mexicanus and two for P. caliensis. Molecular analysis determined the two species, P. mexicanus and P. caliensis, to be separate from each other and genetically distant from the Asian species. This represents the first report of a third species of Paragonimus present in the Americas. Comparison of the results obtained from morphological and molecular analysis indicate that the two species P. mexicanus and P. caliensis are polymorphic. Crabs infected with P. caliensis and P. mexicanus were found mainly in peri-urban and jungle areas of Costa Rica. The confirmation of P. caliensis as a separate species from P. mexicanus raises several questions about the ecology, biological diversity and epidemiology of the genus Paragonimus in Costa Rica. In the second part of this study, seven Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus) were experimentally infected with metacercariae of P. mexicanus, extracted from organs and tissues of freshwater crabs Ptychophallus uncinatus collected in the Costa Rican Caribbean. Four rodents were infected orally and three intraperitoneally. In one of the rodents infected intraperitoneally, the presence of eggs could be detected in feces at five months post-infection. Five of seven rodents developed immature (3) and adult (2) forms, the adult worms extracted from intraperitoneally infected rats showed gonad development, thus demonstrating that it is possible to produce adult worms of P. mexicanus in Wistar rats. Although the rate of worm recovery was very low (2.29%), the susceptibility of these rodents to this parasite was demonstrated. The use of the Wistar rat as an animal model for experimental infections is recommended for future research.
Descripción
Maestría en Enfermedades Tropicales
Palabras clave
COSTA RICA, CANGREJO, MORFOLOGIA, ZOONOSIS, CRAB, MORPHOLOGY