Estudio del efecto de un proceso de fermentación en estado sólido sobre el valor nutricional y la digestibilidad de la broza de café
Fecha
2024
Autores
Vargas Jiménez, José Gabriel
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)
Resumen
Resumen. El uso de técnicas de biorrefinería permite revalorizar desechos agroindustriales, compuestos en su mayoría por material lignocelulósico. Los subproductos del beneficiado de café, como la broza, son un abundante residuo agroindustrial en Costa Rica, ya que el café es el tercer producto con mayor exportación del sector agrícola en el país. Esta broza de café no cuenta con ninguna aplicación comercial, y su disposición inadecuada arraiga consigo problemas ambientales; no obstante, cuenta con un considerable potencial para ser empleada como suplemento alimenticio para animales, con ayuda de un proceso fermentativo. En la presente investigación, se realizó un proceso de fermentación en fase sólida a la broza de café, empleando el hongo Fusarium venenatum. Por lo tanto, se llevó a cabo una fermentación preliminar en broza de café, pretratada con una extracción con agua a 60ºC, por un periodo de 60 días y posteriormente se repitió el proceso con una duración de 30 días, empleando broza extraída y sin extraer, ambas suplementadas con un medio rico en nitrógeno. Se evaluaron los parámetros de proteína, digestibilidad in vitro y la composición de fibras: neutro detergente (carbohidratos no fibrosos), acido detergente (hemicelulosa), digeribles en ácido sulfúrico 72% (celulosa) y lignina. Se observó que el hongo no cuenta con la capacidad enzimática para degradar la lignina, pero sí para consumir las demás fracciones de fibra. El aumento proporcional de lignina en la muestra ocasiona una disminución en el porcentaje de digestibilidad in vitro de la misma, por lo que el material fermentado no cuenta con buenas características en calidad nutricional para rumiantes. Adicionalmente, se evaluó la composición química del extracto acuoso de broza y del extracto acuoso de una muestra fermentada por 17 días de broza sin extraer. Se contrastó por UHPLC-DAD con varios estándares de compuestos típicos encontrados en el café; sin embargo, solo se correlacionó con presencia de cafeína, en concentraciones de 0.760 ± 0.025 % y 0.880 ± 0.019 % respectivamente. Así mismo, se evaluó el contenido polifenólico total de ambos extractos por Folin-Ciocalteu, obteniendo un valor de 1.04 ± 0.03 % y 1.06 ± 0.01 % respectivamente. Estos resultados indicaron que el hongo no degrada ni la cafeína ni los taninos presentes en la broza, siendo ambos considerados compuestos antinutricionales en animales y, por ende, son otro factor que disminuye la digestibilidad del material si este no recibe un pretratado para remover estos compuestos.
Abstract. The use of biorefinery techniques makes it possible to revalue agroindustrial waste, mostly composed of lignocellulosic material. The by-products of coffee processing, such as the coffee brushwood, are an abundant agroindustrial waste in Costa Rica, since coffee is the third most exported product of the agricultural sector in the country. This coffee sprout does not have any commercial application, and its inadequate disposal causes environmental problems; however, it has considerable potential to be used as an animal feed supplement, with the help of a fermentation process. In the present investigation, a solid-phase fermentation process was carried out on the coffee husk, using the fungus Fusarium venenatum. Therefore, a preliminary fermentation process was carried out on coffee shoots, pretreated with water extraction at 60ºC, for a period of 60 days and then the process was repeated for a period of 30 days, using extracted and unextracted shoots, both supplemented with a nitrogen-rich medium. The parameters of protein, in vitro digestibility and fiber composition were evaluated: neutral detergent (non-fibrous carbohydrates), acid detergent (hemicellulose), digestible in sulfuric acid 72% (cellulose) and lignin. It was observed that the fungus does not have the enzymatic capacity to degrade lignin, but it does have the capacity to consume the other fiber fractions. The proportional increase of lignin in the sample causes a decrease in the percentage of in vitro digestibility of the same, so the fermented material does not have good characteristics in nutritional quality for ruminants. Additionally, the chemical composition of the aqueous extract of brushwood and the aqueous extract of a sample fermented for 17 days of brushwood without extracting it were evaluated. It was contrasted by UHPLC-DAD with several standards of typical compounds found in coffee; however, it was only correlated with the presence of caffeine, in concentrations of 0.760 ± 0.025 % and 0.880 ± 0.019 % respectively. Likewise, the total polyphenolic content of both extracts was evaluated by Folin-Ciocalteu, obtaining a value of 1.04 ± 0.03 % and 1.06 ± 0.01 %, respectively. These results indicated that the fungus degrades neither caffeine nor tannins present in the brushwood, both of which are considered anti-nutritional compounds in animals and, therefore, are another factor that decreases the digestibility of the material if it does not receive a pre-treatment to remove these compounds.
Abstract. The use of biorefinery techniques makes it possible to revalue agroindustrial waste, mostly composed of lignocellulosic material. The by-products of coffee processing, such as the coffee brushwood, are an abundant agroindustrial waste in Costa Rica, since coffee is the third most exported product of the agricultural sector in the country. This coffee sprout does not have any commercial application, and its inadequate disposal causes environmental problems; however, it has considerable potential to be used as an animal feed supplement, with the help of a fermentation process. In the present investigation, a solid-phase fermentation process was carried out on the coffee husk, using the fungus Fusarium venenatum. Therefore, a preliminary fermentation process was carried out on coffee shoots, pretreated with water extraction at 60ºC, for a period of 60 days and then the process was repeated for a period of 30 days, using extracted and unextracted shoots, both supplemented with a nitrogen-rich medium. The parameters of protein, in vitro digestibility and fiber composition were evaluated: neutral detergent (non-fibrous carbohydrates), acid detergent (hemicellulose), digestible in sulfuric acid 72% (cellulose) and lignin. It was observed that the fungus does not have the enzymatic capacity to degrade lignin, but it does have the capacity to consume the other fiber fractions. The proportional increase of lignin in the sample causes a decrease in the percentage of in vitro digestibility of the same, so the fermented material does not have good characteristics in nutritional quality for ruminants. Additionally, the chemical composition of the aqueous extract of brushwood and the aqueous extract of a sample fermented for 17 days of brushwood without extracting it were evaluated. It was contrasted by UHPLC-DAD with several standards of typical compounds found in coffee; however, it was only correlated with the presence of caffeine, in concentrations of 0.760 ± 0.025 % and 0.880 ± 0.019 % respectively. Likewise, the total polyphenolic content of both extracts was evaluated by Folin-Ciocalteu, obtaining a value of 1.04 ± 0.03 % and 1.06 ± 0.01 %, respectively. These results indicated that the fungus degrades neither caffeine nor tannins present in the brushwood, both of which are considered anti-nutritional compounds in animals and, therefore, are another factor that decreases the digestibility of the material if it does not receive a pre-treatment to remove these compounds.
Descripción
Vargas Jiménez, J. G. (2024). Estudio del efecto de un proceso de fermentación en estado sólido sobre el valor nutricional y la digestibilidad de la broza de café. [Tesis de Licenciatura]. Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica.
Palabras clave
CAFÉ, TRATAMIENTO DE RESIDUOS, RESIDUOS AGRÍCOLAS, FERMENTACIÓN, FUSARIUM VENENATUM, COFFEE, WASTE TREATMENT, FERMENTATION