Efecto de la Inversión Extranjera Directa (IED) de la agrocadena de la piña sobre el desarrollo sostenible del cantón de Buenos Aires de Puntarenas
Fecha
2012-06
Autores
Contreras Solera, Michael
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Costa Rica es la principal economía exportadora de piña fresca a nivel mundial,
desplazó a Hawaii y Costa de Marfil, como los principales exportadores de esta fruta
tropical. Pero, para entender la evolución que ha tenido el comportamiento de esta actividad
productiva, es clave analizarla a través del enfoque de Cadenas Globales de Mercancías,
el cual permitirá estudiar que agentes económicos, países, regiones y políticas (nacionales
e internacionales), han jugado un papel clave en cada de las dimensiones de la cadena:
insumo-producto, fuerza motriz, institucional y geográfica.
Desde la incorporación de la transnacional Del Monte, la economía de Costa Rica
aumentó su cuota de mercado mundial de la piña. Esta empresa a través de su subsidiaria
PINDECO, ubicada en Buenos Aires de Puntarenas, crea un poder monopólico en los
EE.UU. y una creciente participación en el mercado europeo.
A pesar de que la actividad piñera en Costa Rica ha generado importantes fuentes
de empleo e ingreso de divisas a la economía nacional, es importante investigar cuál ha
sido el efecto de PINDECO en el desarrollo sostenible del cantón de Buenos Aires de
Puntarenas y cómo participan los recursos de la región (recursos naturales, mano de obra,
agentes, entre otros) en la Cadena Global de la Piña.
El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar el efecto que ha generado la
Inversión Extranjera Directa de la agrocadena de la piña en el desarrollo sostenible del
cantón de Buenos Aires de Puntarenas. Por tal motivo, a través de la metodología propuesta
por Vachom y Mao (2008), el Índice Integrado de Desarrollo Sostenible (S3
), propuestos por
el Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura (IICA), se analizará el estado
de desarrollo sostenible del cantón en análisis.
A través del estudio de caso con 14 parceleros que pertenecen a la Asociación de
Productores de Piña (UTRAPEZ), ubicados en el distrito de Volcán perteneciente al cantón
de Buenos Aires de Puntarenas, se pudo constatar que la transnacional PINDECO no
funciona como un enclave tradicional, ya que ha permitido generar efectos positivos en el
desarrollo social, económico y ambiental de este distrito. Con base a ello, se pudo
determinar que es previsible un proceso de upgrading (mejoramiento de la participación en
la actividad) en la región.
Finalmente, se proponen recomendaciones en materia de política económica que
permitan la endogenización de la IED en la región, permitiendo estimular el crecimiento de
otros sectores económicos generando empleo y equidad en la distribución de la riqueza,
sin dañar el medio ambiente.
Costa Rica is the worldwide leading exporter economy of fresh pineapple. This country displaced Ivory Coast and Hawaii, both of them used to be leading exporters of tropical fruit. The Global Commodity Chain approach is applied in order to understand the evolution of this productive activity, in terms of the role that economic agents, countries, regions and politics (national and international) have played in each of the dimensions of the chain: input-output, power, institutional and geographical context. Since the incorporation of the Transnational Del Monte, Costa Rica´s economy increased its global market share of the pineapple. This company through its subsidiary PINDECO, located in Buenos Aires on Puntarenas, creates a monopolic power in the U.S. and a growing share in the European market. Although the pineapple business in Costa Rica has generated important sources of employment and foreign exchange earnings to the national economy, it`s important to investigate the kind of effect that PINDECO has on the sustainable development in Buenos Aires. The objective of this research is to analyze the effect of Foreign Direct Investment of the pineapple´s agrifood chain on the sustainable development of Buenos Aires of Puntarenas, while understanding how the local recourses have participated (natural resources, labor, agents, etc.) in the Pineapple Global Chain. Through the methodology proposed by Vachom and Mao (2008), the Integrated Sustainable Development Index (S3 ) and the cobweb model, proposed by the Interamerican Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA), the state of sustainable development of the region is analyzed. Through the case study of the Pineapple Growers Association (UTRAPEZ), located in the district Volcan that belongs to Buenos Aires- Puntarenas, it was clarified that the transnational PINDECO is not a traditional enclave economy, because it has generated positive effects on social, economic and environmental in this particular district. Based on this, it was determined that a process upgrading is predictable in a future to the region. Finally recommendations for economic policy are proposed, such as enable endogenization of FDI in the region, in order to stimulate growth of other economic sectors and generating employment and equitable distribution of wealth, without damaging the environment.
Costa Rica is the worldwide leading exporter economy of fresh pineapple. This country displaced Ivory Coast and Hawaii, both of them used to be leading exporters of tropical fruit. The Global Commodity Chain approach is applied in order to understand the evolution of this productive activity, in terms of the role that economic agents, countries, regions and politics (national and international) have played in each of the dimensions of the chain: input-output, power, institutional and geographical context. Since the incorporation of the Transnational Del Monte, Costa Rica´s economy increased its global market share of the pineapple. This company through its subsidiary PINDECO, located in Buenos Aires on Puntarenas, creates a monopolic power in the U.S. and a growing share in the European market. Although the pineapple business in Costa Rica has generated important sources of employment and foreign exchange earnings to the national economy, it`s important to investigate the kind of effect that PINDECO has on the sustainable development in Buenos Aires. The objective of this research is to analyze the effect of Foreign Direct Investment of the pineapple´s agrifood chain on the sustainable development of Buenos Aires of Puntarenas, while understanding how the local recourses have participated (natural resources, labor, agents, etc.) in the Pineapple Global Chain. Through the methodology proposed by Vachom and Mao (2008), the Integrated Sustainable Development Index (S3 ) and the cobweb model, proposed by the Interamerican Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA), the state of sustainable development of the region is analyzed. Through the case study of the Pineapple Growers Association (UTRAPEZ), located in the district Volcan that belongs to Buenos Aires- Puntarenas, it was clarified that the transnational PINDECO is not a traditional enclave economy, because it has generated positive effects on social, economic and environmental in this particular district. Based on this, it was determined that a process upgrading is predictable in a future to the region. Finally recommendations for economic policy are proposed, such as enable endogenization of FDI in the region, in order to stimulate growth of other economic sectors and generating employment and equitable distribution of wealth, without damaging the environment.
Descripción
Trabajo Final de Graduación en Maestría en Política Económica (MPE)
Palabras clave
EXPORTACIONES, ECONOMÍA, INVERSIONES EXTRANJERAS, PIÑA, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, BUENOS AIRES (PUNTARENAS), COSTA RICA, EXPORT, ECONOMY, FOREIGN INVESTMENT, PINEAPPLE, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT