Propuesta de un modelo de gestión integrada del recurso hídrico para Panamá
Fecha
2023
Autores
Escalante Henriquez, Luis Carlos
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Editor
Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica)
Resumen
Resumen. El presente estudio identificó las barreras conceptuales, actitudinales y de control- que impiden lograr la gestión integral de los recursos hídricos (GIRH) en Panamá, en los períodos del 2008 y del 2021. El objetivo de identificarlos en dos períodos fue el de analizar si las barreras habían sido superadas en esos 13 años. En el 2008 las consultas fueron presenciales, pero por la pandemia del COVID 19, en el 2021 se realizaron de forma virtual. Para hacer la comparación se utilizó la prueba paramétrica de proporciones. Los resultados mostraron que la mayoría de las barreras del 2008 se mantienen y, por lo tanto, el modelo propuesto para la GIRH no se modificó. El análisis de los resultados obtenidos en el 2021, con los instrumentos de consulta aplicados (cuestionario, entrevistas a profundidad y las mesas de agua), identificó un total de 33 respuestas que se clasificaron como barreras. De estos resultados, las barreras de control fueron 18 y representan las más numerosas (55%). Algunas barreras son las siguientes: “no se cuenta con los recursos económicos, humanos y tecnológicos para implementar las políticas públicas”, “gestión deficiente de la administración del agua que incrementa los problemas que habitualmente generan los conflictos por el uso del recurso”, “una deficiente coordinación institucional y confusión de los roles”, “la información hídrica se encuentra dispersa”, “no se impulsa la estrategia de cambio climático”, “débil cumplimiento de la carrera administrativa para lograr la estabilidad del personal técnico”, “falta de recursos para implementar tecnología”, “falta de responsabilidad y compromiso de los usuarios para hacer uso racional del agua”. Estas situaciones deben atenderse en la mayor brevedad posible para lograr trabajar en la GIRH. Una de las propuestas de solución presentadas en la mesa de agua para el 2021 fue crear la Autoridad Nacional de los Recursos Hídricos, homologando las funciones de administración como la Autoridad del Canal de Panamá. Esta propuesta permitiría contar con una institución sólida, eficaz e independiente, en donde las decisiones busquen soluciones basadas en obtener resultados medibles en la gestión del agua. Dentro de la categoría de barreras conceptuales se identificaron nueve (9) (27%), las cuales reflejan el concepto erróneo que los funcionarios públicos tienen de la GIRH y este aún no se ha priorizado como forma de trabajo. En la práctica, a nivel institucional se trabaja empíricamente por la limitada disponibilidad de resultados de investigación e información técnica científica. Se volvió a identificar el desconocimiento de la normativa legal existente, por lo que se requiere formar y actualizar a los técnicos institucionales para que adquieran nuevos saberes y habilidades, las cuales les permitan contar con las competencias, conocimientos y herramientas tecnológicas. Además, es necesario que sepan analizar los nexos agua, ambiente y sociedad. Una de las estrategias planteadas en el estudio para superar esta barrera es incorporar la educación y comunicación en todos los niveles de los temas de agua y ver los cambios que demanda la GIRH. Se identificó un total de seis (6) (18%) barreras actitudinales. De estos resultados, se detectó que existe resistencia al cambio de prioridades de los actores vinculados en GIRH. Por lo tanto, la planificación y distribución de su tiempo no responde a esa forma de trabajo. Otros resultados muestran que el intervencionismo político impacta negativamente en la priorización de las acciones a favor de la GIRH y no reciben el valor que merece el agua. Otras barreras son: “poca planificación y uso de criterio técnico”, “no existe cultura de agua y menos de mantenimiento preventivo, por lo que a diario aumentan las fugas de agua”, “no se aplican sanciones durante la construcción y operación de proyectos que no cumplen la normativa ambiental”, “deficiente incorporación de los medios de comunicación social”, “falta de formación y comunicación a todos los usuarios del agua”, “no hay suficiente inspectores”. Esas barreras identificadas inciden en que no se den los motivos para cambiar de comportamiento. Entre las alternativas de solución presentadas para superar estas barreras, se propone fortalecer las capacidades en GIRH de los funcionarios públicos, municipales y líderes comunitarios; la formación y capacitación continua de profesionales vinculados al sector hídrico, y contar con programas de educación primaria y secundaria. Las barreras identificadas en este trabajo permitieron determinar las variables que conforman el modelo propuesto, el cual busca consolidar la GIRH. Son cuatro variables que, a su vez, se dividieron en subvariables, de acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos en el estudio. Estas son: formación y actualización, gobernabilidad del RH, gerenciamiento y comunicación, y por último difusión; las cuatro influyen en la GIRH.
El estudio se realizó en Panamá con funcionarios de las instituciones que tienen responsabilidades con el agua.
Abstract. Some barriers are the following: economic, human and technological resources are not available to implement public policies; deficient management of water administration that increases the problems that usually generate conflicts over the use of the resource; poor institutional coordination and confusion of roles; water information is dispersed; the climate change strategy is not promoted; weak fulfillment of the administrative career to achieve the stability of the technical staff; lack of resources to implement technology; lack of responsibility and commitment of users to make rational use of water. These situations must be addressed as soon as possible in order to work in the IWRM. One of the solution proposals presented at the water table for 2021 is to create the National Water Resources Authority, standardizing the administration functions as the Panama Canal Authority, which would allow for a solid, effective and independent institution, where decisions seek solutions based on obtaining measurable results in water management. Within the category of conceptual barriers, 9 (27%) were identified that reflect the misconception of IWRM held by public officials and that has not yet been prioritized as a way of working. In practice, empirical work is done at the institutional level due to the limited availability of research results and scientific technical information; the lack of knowledge of the existing legal regulations was again identified; It is necessary to train and update institutional technicians so that they acquire new knowledge and skills that allow them to have the skills, knowledge and technological tools. In addition, they know how to analyze the links between water, environment and society. One of the strategies proposed in the study to overcome this barrier is to incorporate education and communication on water issues at all levels and see the changes that IWRM demands. A total of 6 (18%) attitudinal barriers were identified. From these results, it was detected that there is resistance to the change of priorities of the actors involved in IWRM and therefore the planning and distribution of their time does not respond to this way of working; other results show that political interventionism has an impact on actions in favor of IWRM not being prioritized and water is not given the value it deserves; little planning and use of technical criteria; there is no water culture and less preventive maintenance, so water leaks increase daily; no sanctions are applied during the construction and operation of projects that do not comply with environmental regulations; limited participation of social media; lack of training and communication to all water users; there are not enough inspectors. These identified barriers are affecting the change of behavior. Among the solution alternatives presented to overcome these barriers, it is proposed to strengthen the IWRM capacities of public and municipal officials and community leaders, the education and continuous training of professionals working in the water sector and to have primary and secondary education programs. The barriers identified in this work made it possible to determine the variables that make up the proposed model, which seeks to consolidate IWRM. There are four variables that, in turn, were divided into sub-variables, according to the results obtained in the study: training and updating, WR governance, management and communication and dissemination; all four influence IWRM. The study was carried out in Panama with officials from institutions that have responsibilities with water.
Abstract. Some barriers are the following: economic, human and technological resources are not available to implement public policies; deficient management of water administration that increases the problems that usually generate conflicts over the use of the resource; poor institutional coordination and confusion of roles; water information is dispersed; the climate change strategy is not promoted; weak fulfillment of the administrative career to achieve the stability of the technical staff; lack of resources to implement technology; lack of responsibility and commitment of users to make rational use of water. These situations must be addressed as soon as possible in order to work in the IWRM. One of the solution proposals presented at the water table for 2021 is to create the National Water Resources Authority, standardizing the administration functions as the Panama Canal Authority, which would allow for a solid, effective and independent institution, where decisions seek solutions based on obtaining measurable results in water management. Within the category of conceptual barriers, 9 (27%) were identified that reflect the misconception of IWRM held by public officials and that has not yet been prioritized as a way of working. In practice, empirical work is done at the institutional level due to the limited availability of research results and scientific technical information; the lack of knowledge of the existing legal regulations was again identified; It is necessary to train and update institutional technicians so that they acquire new knowledge and skills that allow them to have the skills, knowledge and technological tools. In addition, they know how to analyze the links between water, environment and society. One of the strategies proposed in the study to overcome this barrier is to incorporate education and communication on water issues at all levels and see the changes that IWRM demands. A total of 6 (18%) attitudinal barriers were identified. From these results, it was detected that there is resistance to the change of priorities of the actors involved in IWRM and therefore the planning and distribution of their time does not respond to this way of working; other results show that political interventionism has an impact on actions in favor of IWRM not being prioritized and water is not given the value it deserves; little planning and use of technical criteria; there is no water culture and less preventive maintenance, so water leaks increase daily; no sanctions are applied during the construction and operation of projects that do not comply with environmental regulations; limited participation of social media; lack of training and communication to all water users; there are not enough inspectors. These identified barriers are affecting the change of behavior. Among the solution alternatives presented to overcome these barriers, it is proposed to strengthen the IWRM capacities of public and municipal officials and community leaders, the education and continuous training of professionals working in the water sector and to have primary and secondary education programs. The barriers identified in this work made it possible to determine the variables that make up the proposed model, which seeks to consolidate IWRM. There are four variables that, in turn, were divided into sub-variables, according to the results obtained in the study: training and updating, WR governance, management and communication and dissemination; all four influence IWRM. The study was carried out in Panama with officials from institutions that have responsibilities with water.
Descripción
Escalante Enriquez, L.C. (2023). Propuesta de un modelo de gestión integrada del recurso hídrico para Panamá. [Tesis de Doctorado]. Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
Palabras clave
MODELOS, GESTION, RECURSOS HÍDRICOS, MANAGEMENT, MODELS, WATER RESOURCES, PANAMÁ