Clostridium difficile: determinación de genotipos en suinos de Costa Rica
Archivos
Fecha
2017
Autores
Andino Molina, Mauricio Alejandro
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Clostridium difficile es un enteropatógeno con amplia distribución geográfica e
importancia a nivel clínico; su virulencia y resistencia a los antimicrobianos son actual objeto
de estudio a nivel internacional. En animales, C. difficile puede causar diarrea y lesiones a
nivel de tracto gastrointestinal en diversas especies domésticas. En cerdos, los principalmente
afectados son los lechones, cuyas tasas de colonización y su aparente predisposición
fisiológica les convierten en posibles reservorios, causando en algunos casos diarrea y
lesiones patogénicas severas. Ciertos genotipos de C. difficile ha sido detectados y descritos
indistintamente en animales y humanos. En Costa Rica, C. difficile ha sido reportado como
causante de brotes hospitalarios, comunitarios y se ha detectado en productos cárnicos de
consumo. Se analizaron veinte (20) aislamientos, obtenidos a partir de muestreos en cuatro
fincas de producción públicas y privadas. Se detectaron tres genotipos: RT078/NAP7 (20%),
RTFLI-CR1/SmaI 1148 “RT014/5” (30%) y RT596 (50%), siendo A+B
+CDT+
, A+B
+CDTy
A
-B
-CDT-
, respectivamente. Adicionalmente se detectaron diez perfiles MLVA y tres grupos
clonales correspondientes con los genotipos detectados, con los cuales se construyó un árbol
de expansión mínima (MST) que mostró que los aislamientos analizados poseen
intravariabilidad mínima y conservada dentro de los grupos clonales resultantes (SLV ≤2 y
<10). Se concluye que C. difficile se encuentra presente en lechones de Costa Rica,
colonizando el tejido gastrointestinal de los mismos. De los genotipos encontrados,
RT078/NAP7 ha sido previamente detectado en un caso clínico humano; FLI-CR1/SmaI
1148 (RT014/5), probablemente pertenece al mismo linaje de RT014/NAP4, detectado en
aislamientos previamente caracterizados. Ambos, RT078/NAP7 y RT014/NAP4, son de alta
importancia epidemiológica en Europa y América, y han sido detectados a nivel hospitalario
nacional; por lo tanto, podrían ser elementos de riesgo considerable en la evolución y
dinámica de C. difficile a nivel comunitario en el país.
En los humanos se ha reportado la asociación entre el uso de fármacos como
fluoroquinolonas y clindamicina como factores de riesgo para la infección (CDI) En animales
de producción, la actividad in vitro de los antibióticos ha sido estudiada con mucho menos
amplitud que en aislamientos clínicos, y no existen puntos de corte para determinar la
resistencia de bacterias anaerobias de origen veterinario y en humanos aún están en constante
revisión y cambio por los organismos de referencia CLSI y EUCAST. Existe un creciente
número de reportes de solapamiento entre especies y hospederos de genotipos virulentos de
C. difficile, así como de perfiles de resistencia y multiresistencia a los antibióticos. En Costa
Rica, se han caracterizado aislamientos clínicos hipervirulentos y ampliamente
multiresistentes a un importante número de clases de antibióticos. En el presente trabajo, se
analizaron veinte aislamientos toxigénicos y no toxigénicos de C. difficile y al ser tipificados
molecularmente presentaron los genotipos RT078/NAP7, RT-FLI-CR1 y RT596),
provenientes de fuentes porcinas, aparentemente sanas y se determinó la concentración
mínima inhibitoria (MIC) para diecisiete (17) antibióticos pertenecientes a diversas
categorías o clases (en la epidemiología de las infecciones de C. difficile, CDI) por medio del
método epsilométrico ETEST®. Todos los aislamientos registraron MIC por sobre los puntos
de corte establecidos (resistencia), en al menos tres clases diferentes de antibióticos
(multiresistencia). Con esto se consigue generar los primeros datos de resistencia en la región
de Centro América y México en aislamientos de C. difficile de origen veterinario productivo
y detectar posibles reservorios de multiresistencia a los antimicrobianos en cepas con alto
potencial epidémico mundial como RT078/NAP7.
Clostridium difficile is an enteropathogen with a wide geographical distribution and clinical importance; its virulence and antimicrobial resistance are currently the subject of international study. In animals, C. difficile can cause diarrhea and gastrointestinal tract lesions in several domestic species. In pigs, piglets are mainly affected, whose colonization rates and apparent physiological predisposition make them potential reservoirs, causing in some cases severe diarrhea and pathogenic lesions. Certain genotypes of C. difficile have been detected and described indistinctly in animals and humans. In Costa Rica, C. difficile has been reported as a cause of hospital and community outbreaks and has been detected in meat products. Twenty (20) isolates obtained from sampling in four public and private production farms were analyzed. Three genotypes were detected: RT078/NAP7 (20%), RTFLI-CR1/SmaI 1148 "RT014/5" (30%) and RT596 (50%), being A+B +CDT+ , A+B +CDT and A -B -CDT- , respectively. Additionally, ten MLVA profiles and three clonal groups corresponding with the detected genotypes were detected, with which a minimum spanning tree (MST) was constructed showing that the analyzed isolates possess minimal and conserved intravariability within the resulting clonal groups (SLV ≤2 and <10). It is concluded that C. difficile is present in Costa Rican piglets, colonizing their gastrointestinal tissue. Of the genotypes found, RT078/NAP7 has been previously detected in a human clinical case; FLI-CR1/SmaI 1148 (RT014/5), probably belongs to the same lineage as RT014/NAP4, detected in previously characterized isolates. Both RT078/NAP7 and RT014/NAP4 are of high epidemiological importance in Europe and America, and have been detected at the national hospital level; therefore, they could be elements of considerable risk in the evolution and dynamics of C. difficile at the community level in the country. In humans, the association between the use of drugs such as fluoroquinolones and clindamycin as risk factors for infection (CDI) has been reported. In production animals, the in vitro activity of antibiotics has been studied much less extensively than in clinical isolates, and there are no cut-off points to determine the resistance of anaerobic bacteria of veterinary origin and in humans are still under constant review and change by the reference bodies CLSI and EUCAST. There is a growing number of reports of overlap between species and hosts of virulent C. difficile genotypes, as well as antibiotic resistance and multi-resistance profiles. In Costa Rica, hypervirulent and broadly multiresistant clinical isolates have been characterized to an important number of antibiotic classes. In the present work, twenty toxigenic and non-toxigenic isolates of C. difficile were analyzed and molecularly typed (RT078/NAP7, RT-FLI-CR1 and RT596 genotypes) from apparently healthy swine sources and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for seventeen (17) antibiotics belonging to different categories or classes (in the epidemiology of C. difficile infections, CDI) by means of the ETEST® epsilometric method. All isolates recorded MICs above the established cut-off points (resistance) in at least three different classes of antibiotics (multiresistance). With this, it is possible to generate the first resistance data in the region of Central America and Mexico in C. difficile isolates of productive veterinary origin and to detect possible reservoirs of multiresistance to antimicrobials in strains with high global epidemic potential such as RT078/NAP7.
Clostridium difficile is an enteropathogen with a wide geographical distribution and clinical importance; its virulence and antimicrobial resistance are currently the subject of international study. In animals, C. difficile can cause diarrhea and gastrointestinal tract lesions in several domestic species. In pigs, piglets are mainly affected, whose colonization rates and apparent physiological predisposition make them potential reservoirs, causing in some cases severe diarrhea and pathogenic lesions. Certain genotypes of C. difficile have been detected and described indistinctly in animals and humans. In Costa Rica, C. difficile has been reported as a cause of hospital and community outbreaks and has been detected in meat products. Twenty (20) isolates obtained from sampling in four public and private production farms were analyzed. Three genotypes were detected: RT078/NAP7 (20%), RTFLI-CR1/SmaI 1148 "RT014/5" (30%) and RT596 (50%), being A+B +CDT+ , A+B +CDT and A -B -CDT- , respectively. Additionally, ten MLVA profiles and three clonal groups corresponding with the detected genotypes were detected, with which a minimum spanning tree (MST) was constructed showing that the analyzed isolates possess minimal and conserved intravariability within the resulting clonal groups (SLV ≤2 and <10). It is concluded that C. difficile is present in Costa Rican piglets, colonizing their gastrointestinal tissue. Of the genotypes found, RT078/NAP7 has been previously detected in a human clinical case; FLI-CR1/SmaI 1148 (RT014/5), probably belongs to the same lineage as RT014/NAP4, detected in previously characterized isolates. Both RT078/NAP7 and RT014/NAP4 are of high epidemiological importance in Europe and America, and have been detected at the national hospital level; therefore, they could be elements of considerable risk in the evolution and dynamics of C. difficile at the community level in the country. In humans, the association between the use of drugs such as fluoroquinolones and clindamycin as risk factors for infection (CDI) has been reported. In production animals, the in vitro activity of antibiotics has been studied much less extensively than in clinical isolates, and there are no cut-off points to determine the resistance of anaerobic bacteria of veterinary origin and in humans are still under constant review and change by the reference bodies CLSI and EUCAST. There is a growing number of reports of overlap between species and hosts of virulent C. difficile genotypes, as well as antibiotic resistance and multi-resistance profiles. In Costa Rica, hypervirulent and broadly multiresistant clinical isolates have been characterized to an important number of antibiotic classes. In the present work, twenty toxigenic and non-toxigenic isolates of C. difficile were analyzed and molecularly typed (RT078/NAP7, RT-FLI-CR1 and RT596 genotypes) from apparently healthy swine sources and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for seventeen (17) antibiotics belonging to different categories or classes (in the epidemiology of C. difficile infections, CDI) by means of the ETEST® epsilometric method. All isolates recorded MICs above the established cut-off points (resistance) in at least three different classes of antibiotics (multiresistance). With this, it is possible to generate the first resistance data in the region of Central America and Mexico in C. difficile isolates of productive veterinary origin and to detect possible reservoirs of multiresistance to antimicrobials in strains with high global epidemic potential such as RT078/NAP7.
Descripción
Magister Scientiae en Enfermedades Tropicales
Palabras clave
COSTA RICA, BACTERIAS, CERDO, GENOTIPOS, BACTERIA, PIG, GENOTYPES