Revisión sobre la presencia del Pequeño Escarabajo de la Colmena, Aethina tumida (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) infestando colonias de abejas nativas sin aguijón (Apidae: Meliponini)
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Fecha
2022-12-07
Autores
Sánchez-Chaves, Luis A
Calderon, Rafael
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Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica
Resumen
La crianza y manejo de las abejas nativas sin aguijón, se conoce como “meliponicultura”, actividad ancestral de importancia ambiental y socioeconómica. En Costa Rica, se reportan más de 50 especies de abejas nativas sin aguijón; los géneros Melipona (jicotes) y Tetragonisca (mariolas) son los más utilizadas por los meliponicultores.El Pequeño Escarabajo de la Colmena, Aethina tumida (Murray 1867), es nativo de África subsahariana, donde se considera una plaga menor entre las abejas melíferas africanas. Sin embargo, desde su detección, en colmenas de abejas melíferas de origen europeo en Los Estados Unidos (1998), se considera una plaga invasora que causa serios problemas a la apicultura. Tanto larvas, como escarabajos adultos, se alimentan de miel, polen y cría de las abejas. Además, tienen una gran adaptabilidad a distintos ambientes, desde condiciones tropicales hasta clima templado. Actualmente, se encuentra en diferentes países, como: Canadá, México, Cuba y Brasil. El primer reporte de abejas africanizadas, en Centroamérica, ocurrió en El Salvador, luego en Nicaragua y posteriormente se confirmó en Costa Rica y Guatemala. A. tumida puede infestar colonias de abejas nativas sin aguijón (meliponinos) y abejorros (Bombus sp.). Se ha reportado su presencia en colonias de Melipona beecheii, Dactylurina staudingerii, Trigona carbonaria,Austroplebeia australis, Melipona rufiventris y Plebeia frontalis, así como en Bombus impatiens. En Costa Rica, aun cuando no se ha realizado una investigación sistemática del escarabajo en colonias de abejas nativas, a la fecha, no se ha reportado su presencia. En un monitoreo preliminar, se examinó colonias de M. beecheii, ubicadas cerca del foco inicial de detección del escarabajo, en la Cruz, Guanacaste, las cuales resultaron negativas. Al considerar que la meliponicultura es una actividad que se realiza en diferentes regiones de Costa Rica, se recomienda establecer vigilancia del Pequeño Escarabajo, con la finalidad de detectar o descartar su presencia en colonias de abejas nativas sin aguijón.
The breeding and care of native stingless bees is known as “meliponiculture”, an ancient activity of environmental and socioeconomic importance. In Costa Rica, there are more than 50 species of stingless bees, Melipona (Jicotes) and Tetragonisca (mariolas) being the most used genus by meliponiculturists. The small hive beetle, Aethina tumida (Murray 1867), is native to sub-Saharan Africa, where it is considered a minor pest among African honey bees. However, since its detection in honey bee hives of European origin in the United States (1998), it is considered an invasive pest causing serious problems for beekeeping. Both larvae and adult beetles feed on honey, pollen, and bee brood in Apis mellifera nests. In addition, it has great adaptability to different environments, from tropical conditions to temperate climates. It has been reported in different countries, such as Canada, Mexico, Cuba, and Brazil. The first report on Africanized bees in Central America was in El Salvador, then in Nicaragua, and was later confirmed in Costa Rica and Guatemala. It is reported that A. tumida can infest colonies of native stingless bees (meliponinos) and bumble bee (Bombus sp.). Its presence has been reported in colonies of Melipona beecheii, Dactylurina staudingerii, Trigona carbonaria, Austroplebeia australis, Melipona rufiventris, Plebeia frontalis, and Bombus impatiens. In Costa Rica, even though systematic research of the beetle in colonies of native stingless bees has not been conducted, to date its presence has not been reported. In a preliminary monitoring, colonies of M. beecheii, located near the initial focus of detection of the beetle in La Cruz, Guanacaste, were examined, resulting negative. Since meliponiculture is conducted in different regions of Costa Rica, native stingless bee colonies should be monitored for small hive beetles.
The breeding and care of native stingless bees is known as “meliponiculture”, an ancient activity of environmental and socioeconomic importance. In Costa Rica, there are more than 50 species of stingless bees, Melipona (Jicotes) and Tetragonisca (mariolas) being the most used genus by meliponiculturists. The small hive beetle, Aethina tumida (Murray 1867), is native to sub-Saharan Africa, where it is considered a minor pest among African honey bees. However, since its detection in honey bee hives of European origin in the United States (1998), it is considered an invasive pest causing serious problems for beekeeping. Both larvae and adult beetles feed on honey, pollen, and bee brood in Apis mellifera nests. In addition, it has great adaptability to different environments, from tropical conditions to temperate climates. It has been reported in different countries, such as Canada, Mexico, Cuba, and Brazil. The first report on Africanized bees in Central America was in El Salvador, then in Nicaragua, and was later confirmed in Costa Rica and Guatemala. It is reported that A. tumida can infest colonies of native stingless bees (meliponinos) and bumble bee (Bombus sp.). Its presence has been reported in colonies of Melipona beecheii, Dactylurina staudingerii, Trigona carbonaria, Austroplebeia australis, Melipona rufiventris, Plebeia frontalis, and Bombus impatiens. In Costa Rica, even though systematic research of the beetle in colonies of native stingless bees has not been conducted, to date its presence has not been reported. In a preliminary monitoring, colonies of M. beecheii, located near the initial focus of detection of the beetle in La Cruz, Guanacaste, were examined, resulting negative. Since meliponiculture is conducted in different regions of Costa Rica, native stingless bee colonies should be monitored for small hive beetles.
Descripción
Forma parte del proyecto Programa de Ecología y Polinización: Fase III.
Palabras clave
NATIVE STINGLESS BEES, ABEJAS NATIVAS SIN AGUIJÓN, MELIPONINI, SMALL HIVE BEETLE, PEQUEÑO ESCARABAJO, AETHINA TUMIDA