Tuberculosis bovina: implementación del diagnóstico molecular y concordancia con técnicas diagnósticas utilizadas en Costa Rica.
Fecha
2016-06
Autores
González Díaz, Rocío Jacqueline
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
La tuberculosis bovina es una enfermedad bacteriana crónica con
potencial zoonótico causada por Mycobacterium bovis. Los programas de control
y erradicación se basan en la detección de bovinos reactores a la prueba de
tuberculina y el sacrificio de estos animales. En Costa Rica, los animales
reactores sacrificados son sometidos a una inspección post-mortem en busca
de lesiones compatibles con tuberculosis (LCT). Estos son sometidos a la
observación directa de bacilos ácido-alcohol resistentes (BAAR) mediante
tinción Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) y al cultivo bacteriológico para aislar M. bovis que es
considerada la prueba de oro, sin embargo, tiene como desventaja el largo
periodo de incubación (dos meses). El objetivo del presente trabajo fue
implementar una técnica de diagnóstico rápida y certera, como lo es la técnica
de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), para ser utilizada como
complemento al cultivo bacteriológico, y estimar las características diagnósticas
del PCR implementado, de la técnica de ZN e inspección post-mortem con
respecto al cultivo bacteriológico.
En la primera parte del trabajo fueron analizados tres grupos de muestras,
en el Grupo 1 se incluyeron 47 aislamientos de M. bovis, en el Grupo 2, se
incluyeron 51 muestras de tejido de bovinos con LCT mientras que el Grupo 3
100 muestras de tejidos de bovinos negativos fueron analizados. Del total de
198 muestras analizadas, un 49.5% (98/198 Grupo 1 y Grupo 2) correspondieron
a animales con LCT, solamente un 54.1% (53/98) resultaron cultivo positivo, un
47.9% (47/98) fueron identificadas como PCR positivas, y un 51.0% (50/98) se
determinaron positivas en tinción ZN. El PCR mostró valores de sensibilidad
entre 78.1%-100% (IC95%: 63.8-100.0) y de especificidad entre 96.2%-100%
(IC95%: 88.8-103.5), mientras que la tinción ZN mostró valores de sensibilidad
entre 62.5%-71.4% (IC95%: 45.7-98.8) y de especificidad entre 73.1%-94.1%
(IC95%: 56.0-98.3) comparados al cultivo bacteriológico. La inspección postmortem (Grupo 2 y 3) mostró una sensibilidad del 100% (IC95%: 100.0-100.0) y
una especificidad del 84.0% (IC95%: 77.5-90.6). Se concluye, que la inspección
post-mortem constituye una excelente prueba tamiz en el diagnóstico de la
tuberculosis bovina en Costa Rica, y el PCR, puede ser incluido en al diagnóstico
de laboratorio como técnica complementaria al cultivo, para confirmar la
presencia de M. bovis, con la gran ventaja de obtener resultados en un menor
tiempo (dos días).
En la segunda parte del estudio se determinó el valor predictivo positivo
(VPP) de la prueba de tuberculina y se identificó Mycobacterium bovis mediante
la técnica de PCR en bovinos reactores. Se analizaron dos grupos de muestras:
en el primer grupo se incluyeron 35 aislamientos obtenidos a partir de muestras
de tejidos (linfonodos y pulmón) de animales reactores a la prueba de tuberculina
simple, mientras que en el segundo grupo se incluyeron 10 muestras de tejidos
(linfonodos) de animales reactores a la prueba de tuberculina cervical
comparativa. La prueba de tuberculina simple ano-caudal mostró un VPP de
31.4%; mientras que la prueba de tuberculina cervical comparativa mostró un
VPP de 70%. Mediante PCR se identificaron como positivas el 34.3% y 30.0%
de las muestras del Grupo 1 y 2, respectivamente. Estos resultados indican que
existe una menor probabilidad de que un animal reactor a la prueba de
tuberculina ano-caudal resulte cultivo positivo, por lo tanto, se recomienda utilizar
la prueba cervical comparativa que posee mayor especificidad. El PCR permite
un diagnóstico rápido en tan solo 2 días, sin embargo, deben evaluarse otros
procesos de extracción de ADN a partir de linfonodos para mejorar la
sensibilidad del PCR implementado.
Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial disease with zoonotic potential caused by Mycobacterium bovis. Control and eradication programs are based on the detection of bovine reactors to the tuberculin test and the slaughter of these animals. In Costa Rica, slaughtered reactor animals are subjected to post-mortem inspection for lesions compatible with tuberculosis (TBI). These are subjected to direct observation of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) by Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining and bacteriological culture to isolate M. bovis, which is considered the gold standard test; however, it has the disadvantage of a long incubation period (two months). The objective of the present work was to implement a fast and accurate diagnostic technique, such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, to be used as a complement to bacteriological culture, and to estimate the diagnostic characteristics of the implemented PCR, the ZN technique and post-mortem inspection with respect to bacteriological culture. In the first part of the work, three groups of samples were analyzed, in Group 1, 47 isolates of M. bovis were included, in Group 2, 51 samples of bovine tissue with TBI were included, while in Group 3, 100 samples of negative bovine tissues were analyzed. Of the total 198 samples tested, 49.5% (98/198 Group 1 and Group 2) corresponded to animals with TBI, only 54.1% (53/98) were culture positive, 47.9% (47/98) were identified as PCR positive, and 51.0% (50/98) were determined positive on ZN staining. PCR showed sensitivity values between 78.1%-100% (95%CI: 63.8-100.0) and specificity values between 96.2%-100% (95%CI: 88.8-103.5), while ZN staining showed sensitivity values between 62.5%-71.4% (95%CI: 45.7-98.8) and specificity values between 73.1%-94.1% (95%CI: 56.0-98.3) compared to bacteriological culture. Postmortem inspection (Group 2 and 3) showed a sensitivity of 100% (IC95%: 100.0-100.0) and a specificity of 84.0% (IC95%: 77.5-90.6). It is concluded that post-mortem inspection is an excellent screening test in the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in Costa Rica, and PCR can be included in the laboratory diagnosis as a complementary technique to culture to confirm the presence of M. bovis, with the great advantage of obtaining results in a shorter time (two days). In the second part of the study, the positive predictive value (PPV) of the tuberculin test was determined and Mycobacterium bovis was identified by PCR in reactor cattle. Two groups of samples were analyzed: the first group included 35 isolates obtained from tissue samples (lymph nodes and lung) of reactors to the single tuberculin test, while the second group included 10 tissue samples (lymph nodes) from reactors to the comparative cervical tuberculin test. The simple ano-caudal tuberculin test showed a PPV of 31.4%; while the comparative cervical tuberculin test showed a PPV of 70%. By PCR, 34.3% and 30.0% of Group 1 and 2 samples were identified as positive, respectively. These results indicate that there is a lower probability that an animal reacting to the ano-caudal tuberculin test will be culture positive, therefore, it is recommended to use the comparative cervical test, which has a higher specificity. PCR allows a rapid diagnosis in as little as 2 days, however, other DNA extraction processes from lymphonodes should be evaluated to improve the sensitivity of the implemented PCR.
Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial disease with zoonotic potential caused by Mycobacterium bovis. Control and eradication programs are based on the detection of bovine reactors to the tuberculin test and the slaughter of these animals. In Costa Rica, slaughtered reactor animals are subjected to post-mortem inspection for lesions compatible with tuberculosis (TBI). These are subjected to direct observation of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) by Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining and bacteriological culture to isolate M. bovis, which is considered the gold standard test; however, it has the disadvantage of a long incubation period (two months). The objective of the present work was to implement a fast and accurate diagnostic technique, such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, to be used as a complement to bacteriological culture, and to estimate the diagnostic characteristics of the implemented PCR, the ZN technique and post-mortem inspection with respect to bacteriological culture. In the first part of the work, three groups of samples were analyzed, in Group 1, 47 isolates of M. bovis were included, in Group 2, 51 samples of bovine tissue with TBI were included, while in Group 3, 100 samples of negative bovine tissues were analyzed. Of the total 198 samples tested, 49.5% (98/198 Group 1 and Group 2) corresponded to animals with TBI, only 54.1% (53/98) were culture positive, 47.9% (47/98) were identified as PCR positive, and 51.0% (50/98) were determined positive on ZN staining. PCR showed sensitivity values between 78.1%-100% (95%CI: 63.8-100.0) and specificity values between 96.2%-100% (95%CI: 88.8-103.5), while ZN staining showed sensitivity values between 62.5%-71.4% (95%CI: 45.7-98.8) and specificity values between 73.1%-94.1% (95%CI: 56.0-98.3) compared to bacteriological culture. Postmortem inspection (Group 2 and 3) showed a sensitivity of 100% (IC95%: 100.0-100.0) and a specificity of 84.0% (IC95%: 77.5-90.6). It is concluded that post-mortem inspection is an excellent screening test in the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in Costa Rica, and PCR can be included in the laboratory diagnosis as a complementary technique to culture to confirm the presence of M. bovis, with the great advantage of obtaining results in a shorter time (two days). In the second part of the study, the positive predictive value (PPV) of the tuberculin test was determined and Mycobacterium bovis was identified by PCR in reactor cattle. Two groups of samples were analyzed: the first group included 35 isolates obtained from tissue samples (lymph nodes and lung) of reactors to the single tuberculin test, while the second group included 10 tissue samples (lymph nodes) from reactors to the comparative cervical tuberculin test. The simple ano-caudal tuberculin test showed a PPV of 31.4%; while the comparative cervical tuberculin test showed a PPV of 70%. By PCR, 34.3% and 30.0% of Group 1 and 2 samples were identified as positive, respectively. These results indicate that there is a lower probability that an animal reacting to the ano-caudal tuberculin test will be culture positive, therefore, it is recommended to use the comparative cervical test, which has a higher specificity. PCR allows a rapid diagnosis in as little as 2 days, however, other DNA extraction processes from lymphonodes should be evaluated to improve the sensitivity of the implemented PCR.
Descripción
Maestría en Enfermedades Tropicales
Palabras clave
TUBERCULOSIS, COSTA RICA, GANADO BOVINO, ENFERMEDADES INFECCIOSAS, CATTLE, INFECTIOUS DISEASES, BACTERIAS, BOVINE