Análisis de la dinámica productiva, comercial y de políticas públicas del sector forestal de Chile y Costa Rica y su impacto en la competitividad
Fecha
2019
Autores
Chacón Cid, Natalia
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
El sector forestal mundial muestra cambios importantes en la dinámica productiva, comercial y de políticas públicas del periodo 2006-2018. Según los resultados de este estudio en el mundo existen cerca de 3 999 millones de ha de bosque, ubicando la mayor parte de esta cobertura en el continente Americano (en América Latina el 76% de la cobertura es bosque y se ubica en su mayoría en Brasil, Perú y Surinam). Estados Unidos, Canadá y Brasil son los mayores representantes en términos de producción de madera en rollo y aserrada, sin embargo, Chile resalta como líder latinoamericano en aspectos propios de la dinámica comercial y el desarrollo tecnológico de la producción.
Los recursos forestales han reducido su participación en el producto interno bruto (PIB) mundial, siendo para 2011 apenas un 0,9%. Según FAO en el informe SOFO (2018), los aportes intangibles que brinda la actividad forestal, como captura de carbono, desarrollo rural y urbano, entre otros, suponen un aporte mayor en la dinámica de sostenibilidad y comercio del mundo. La competitividad sectorial frente a tendencias de adaptabilidad climática, efecto de la degradación y uso del recurso madera aún no han sido incorporadas dentro de los parámetros económicos que evalúa la Organización Mundial de Comercio (OMC), por tanto aún quedan muchos vacíos de información por atender al corto, mediano y largo plazo.
A raíz de esta serie de aspectos en los cuales se requiere investigación surge este documento cuyo objetivo fue realizar un análisis comparativo de la dinámica productiva, comercial y de políticas públicas entre el sector forestal de Chile y Costa Rica, con el fin de identificar los aspectos que han impactado su competitividad. Para lograr esto se desarrollaron tres fases metodológicas, la primera permitió la identificación del entorno productivo, comercial y político del sector forestal de Costa Rica y Chile, por medio de índices internacionales de competitividad y la evaluación del recurso forestal disponible.
La segunda fase fue la evaluación comercial de ambos sectores forestales por medio de fuentes de información primaria y secundaria y la sistematización de información de las partidas arancelarias y descripción de los capítulos 44 y 94 del Sistema Armonizado de designación y Codificación de Mercancías. La tercera fase contempló el análisis comparativo de los factores que impactaron la competitividad sectorial de ambos países y el estudio de caso de la empresa costarricense Maderas de Centroamérica (MCA).
Para el caso de Chile el sector forestal aportó al PIB de 2,1% en el 2017, favorecido por la eficiencia de su producción y la calidad de la oferta que coloca en el mercado internacional (INFOR, 2016). Estas ventajas comparativas del sector forestal chileno permitieron que se pudieran evaluar con mayor detalle los aspectos que han impactado la competitividad del sector forestal de Costa Rica y cuyo aporte a PIB es de 2,0% para 2017 (BCCR, 2016).
Cabe resaltar el caso de Maderas de Centroamérica (MCA), siendo un ejemplo de desarrollo exitoso de manufactura de paneles de madera, un subsector que se ha visto afectado por la falta de materia prima estandarizada y que vio una oportunidad en las importaciones y la diversificación de los bienes que ofrece. Las lecciones aprendidas por esta empresa permitieron identificar los eslabones en la cadena productiva que requieren mejoras y vinculación para lograr atender de la manera más eficaz el mercado doméstico.
En términos de políticas públicas, es claro que el enfoque de protección de recursos naturales ha limitado las acciones de aprovechamiento de los bosques; sin embargo, la diversificación de fuentes con plantaciones forestales y terrenos de usos agropecuario se suman a las posibilidades de Costa Rica para seguir manteniendo un reservorio de materia prima. La diversificación y el manejo integral de fincas son la alternativa más viable, pues el tamaño de la finca promedio es de 27,2 ha (INEC, 2015) y en el país la mayor parte de estos previos se encuentran en la categoría de pequeños productores.
En un modelo económico con miras a la exportación, se deben potenciar oportunidades sectoriales como: mayor acceso a tierras de calidad adecuada para la producción eficiente, especies comerciales con paquetes tecnológicos de alta calidad, capital de inversión accesible y con alta disponibilidad y una productividad alta que permita cambios estructurales en la cadena de valor del sector forestal costarricense.
The global forestry sector shows important changes in the productive, commercial and public policy dynamics of the 2006-2018 period. According to the results of this study, in the world there are about 3 999 million ha of forest, locating most of this coverage in the American continent (in Latin America 76% of the coverage is forest and it is mostly located in Brazil, Peru and Suriname). The United States, Canada and Brazil are the largest representatives in terms of round and sawn wood production, however, Chile stands out as a Latin American leader in aspects of commercial dynamics and the technological development of production. Forest resources have reduced their participation in world gross domestic product (GDP), being only 0.9% for 2011. According to FAO in the SOFO report (2018), the intangible contributions provided by forestry, such as carbon capture, rural and urban development, among others, represent a greater contribution to the dynamics of sustainability and trade in the world. Sectoral competitiveness in the face of trends in climate adaptability, the effect of degradation and the use of the wood resource have not yet been incorporated into the economic parameters evaluated by the World Trade Organization (WTO), therefore there are still many information gaps to be addressed in the short, medium and long term. As a result of this series of aspects in which research is required, this document arises whose objective was to carry out a comparative analysis of the productive, commercial and public policy dynamics between the forestry sector of Chile and Costa Rica, in order to identify the aspects that have impacted their competitiveness. To achieve this, three methodological phases were developed, the first one allowed the identification of the productive, commercial and political environment of the forestry sector in Costa Rica and Chile, through international competitiveness indices and the evaluation of the available forest resource. The second phase was the commercial evaluation of both forestry sectors through primary and secondary information sources and the systematization of information on the tariff items and description of chapters 44 and 94 of the Harmonized System for the designation and Codification of Goods. The third phase included the comparative analysis of the factors that impacted the sectoral competitiveness of both countries and the case study of the Costa Rican company Maderas de Centroamérica (MCA). In the case of Chile, the forestry sector contributed 2.1% to GDP in 2017, favored by the efficiency of its production and the quality of the offer it places on the international market (INFOR, 2016). These comparative advantages of the Chilean forestry sector allowed the aspects that have impacted the competitiveness of the Costa Rican forestry sector to be evaluated in greater detail and whose contribution to GDP is 2.0% for 2017 (BCCR, 2016). It is worth highlighting the case of Maderas de Centroamérica (MCA), being an example of the successful development of wood panel manufacturing, a subsector that has been affected by the lack of standardized raw material and that saw an opportunity in imports and diversification of the goods it offers. The lessons learned by this company made it possible to identify the links in the production chain that require improvement and linkage in order to serve the domestic market in the most effective way. In terms of public policies, it is clear that the approach to protecting natural resources has limited the actions for the use of forests; However, the diversification of sources with forest plantations and land for agricultural use adds to the possibilities of Costa Rica to continue maintaining a reservoir of raw materials. Diversification and comprehensive management of farms are the most viable alternative, since the average farm size is 27.2 ha (INEC, 2015) and in the country most of these previous ones are in the category of small producers . In an economic model with an export view, sectoral opportunities should be promoted such as: greater access to land of adequate quality for efficient production, commercial species with high-quality technological packages, accessible investment capital with high availability and high productivity. that allows structural changes in the value chain of the Costa Rican forestry sector.
The global forestry sector shows important changes in the productive, commercial and public policy dynamics of the 2006-2018 period. According to the results of this study, in the world there are about 3 999 million ha of forest, locating most of this coverage in the American continent (in Latin America 76% of the coverage is forest and it is mostly located in Brazil, Peru and Suriname). The United States, Canada and Brazil are the largest representatives in terms of round and sawn wood production, however, Chile stands out as a Latin American leader in aspects of commercial dynamics and the technological development of production. Forest resources have reduced their participation in world gross domestic product (GDP), being only 0.9% for 2011. According to FAO in the SOFO report (2018), the intangible contributions provided by forestry, such as carbon capture, rural and urban development, among others, represent a greater contribution to the dynamics of sustainability and trade in the world. Sectoral competitiveness in the face of trends in climate adaptability, the effect of degradation and the use of the wood resource have not yet been incorporated into the economic parameters evaluated by the World Trade Organization (WTO), therefore there are still many information gaps to be addressed in the short, medium and long term. As a result of this series of aspects in which research is required, this document arises whose objective was to carry out a comparative analysis of the productive, commercial and public policy dynamics between the forestry sector of Chile and Costa Rica, in order to identify the aspects that have impacted their competitiveness. To achieve this, three methodological phases were developed, the first one allowed the identification of the productive, commercial and political environment of the forestry sector in Costa Rica and Chile, through international competitiveness indices and the evaluation of the available forest resource. The second phase was the commercial evaluation of both forestry sectors through primary and secondary information sources and the systematization of information on the tariff items and description of chapters 44 and 94 of the Harmonized System for the designation and Codification of Goods. The third phase included the comparative analysis of the factors that impacted the sectoral competitiveness of both countries and the case study of the Costa Rican company Maderas de Centroamérica (MCA). In the case of Chile, the forestry sector contributed 2.1% to GDP in 2017, favored by the efficiency of its production and the quality of the offer it places on the international market (INFOR, 2016). These comparative advantages of the Chilean forestry sector allowed the aspects that have impacted the competitiveness of the Costa Rican forestry sector to be evaluated in greater detail and whose contribution to GDP is 2.0% for 2017 (BCCR, 2016). It is worth highlighting the case of Maderas de Centroamérica (MCA), being an example of the successful development of wood panel manufacturing, a subsector that has been affected by the lack of standardized raw material and that saw an opportunity in imports and diversification of the goods it offers. The lessons learned by this company made it possible to identify the links in the production chain that require improvement and linkage in order to serve the domestic market in the most effective way. In terms of public policies, it is clear that the approach to protecting natural resources has limited the actions for the use of forests; However, the diversification of sources with forest plantations and land for agricultural use adds to the possibilities of Costa Rica to continue maintaining a reservoir of raw materials. Diversification and comprehensive management of farms are the most viable alternative, since the average farm size is 27.2 ha (INEC, 2015) and in the country most of these previous ones are in the category of small producers . In an economic model with an export view, sectoral opportunities should be promoted such as: greater access to land of adequate quality for efficient production, commercial species with high-quality technological packages, accessible investment capital with high availability and high productivity. that allows structural changes in the value chain of the Costa Rican forestry sector.
Descripción
Trabajo de graduación para optar al grado de Licenciatura en Ciencias Forestales con énfasis en Comercio de Productos Forestales.
Palabras clave
MANEJO FORESTAL, COMERCIO, PRODUCTOS FORESTALES, INDUSTRIA FORESTAL, RECURSOS FORESTALES, FOREST MANAGEMENT, COMMERCE, FOREST PRODUCTS, FOREST INDUSTRY, FOREST RESOURCES