La juventud NINI en El Salvador frente a las políticas de formación y empleo, 2009-2017
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Fecha
2019-08
Autores
Méndez Maldonado, Héctor Ezequiel
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Esta investigación se orientó a caracterizar un sector de la juventud
salvadoreña con mayor vulnerabilidad dentro de la transición de la escuela al
trabajo: los NiNis (ni estudian, ni trabajan), reconociendo que es una problemática
más amplia que el desempleo juvenil, cuya consideración ha cobrado relevancia por
representar a más de un cuarto de la juventud. Desde un enfoque de exclusión
social, se encuentran desvinculados de los principales espacios de integración,
debido a aspectos conductuales y de los hogares, a la precarización laboral, y a
fallas de cobertura y calidad educativas; generando así espirales de pobreza,
problemas de seguridad y salud pública, entre otros. Para su abordaje, se diseñó
un cuestionario aplicado a una muestra de jóvenes NiNis con objeto de conocer sus
causales, la organización de su tiempo y aspiraciones, además, se aplicó una
entrevista a expertos para valorar las respuestas de política pública.
Se ha encontrado que los NiNis se enfrentaban a un mercado laboral
adverso, marcado por el desempleo, subempleo y bajos salarios. Que no estaban
en educación principalmente por falta de recursos económicos y obligaciones
familiares, con un desaliento por la formación profesional, y mayoritariamente en
situación de desempleo, aduciendo que la falta de experiencia, educación y
vacantes eran sus principales obstáculos. Pero dentro de esta juventud había
grupos con mayores dificultades, como las madres solteras y los jóvenes sin hogar.
En general, mostraron un deseo prioritario de transitar a una condición no NiNi, pero
con necesidades diferentes de ayuda o asistencia.
Además, los NiNis estaban considerados en intervenciones de políticas
públicas y de cooperación internacional, pero no de forma exclusiva, con énfasis en
empleabilidad, atendiendo a la población más factible de ayudar, con falencias en
la coordinación de acciones, faltas de diagnósticos y mecanismos de monitoreo y
evaluación.
This research was aimed at characterizing a sector of youth Salvadoran woman with greater vulnerability within the transition from school to work: NiNis (neither study nor work), recognizing that it is a problem broader than youth unemployment, the consideration of which has become relevant due to represent more than a quarter of the youth. From an exclusion approach social, are disconnected from the main spaces of integration, due to behavioral and household aspects, job insecurity, and educational coverage and quality failures; thus generating spirals of poverty, security and public health problems, among others. For its approach, it was designed a questionnaire applied to a sample of young NiNis in order to know their causes, the organization of their time and aspirations, in addition, a Interviews with experts to assess public policy responses. NiNis were found to be facing a labor market adverse, marked by unemployment, underemployment and low wages. that they were not in education mainly due to lack of economic resources and obligations relatives, with a discouragement for professional training, and mostly in unemployed, arguing that the lack of experience, education and vacancies were their main obstacles. But within this youth there was groups with greater difficulties, such as single mothers and homeless youth. In general, they showed a priority desire to transition to a non NiNi condition, but with different needs for help or assistance. Furthermore, NiNis were considered in policy interventions public and international cooperation, but not exclusively, with emphasis on employability, serving the most feasible population to help, with shortcomings in the coordination of actions, lack of diagnoses and monitoring mechanisms and evaluation.
This research was aimed at characterizing a sector of youth Salvadoran woman with greater vulnerability within the transition from school to work: NiNis (neither study nor work), recognizing that it is a problem broader than youth unemployment, the consideration of which has become relevant due to represent more than a quarter of the youth. From an exclusion approach social, are disconnected from the main spaces of integration, due to behavioral and household aspects, job insecurity, and educational coverage and quality failures; thus generating spirals of poverty, security and public health problems, among others. For its approach, it was designed a questionnaire applied to a sample of young NiNis in order to know their causes, the organization of their time and aspirations, in addition, a Interviews with experts to assess public policy responses. NiNis were found to be facing a labor market adverse, marked by unemployment, underemployment and low wages. that they were not in education mainly due to lack of economic resources and obligations relatives, with a discouragement for professional training, and mostly in unemployed, arguing that the lack of experience, education and vacancies were their main obstacles. But within this youth there was groups with greater difficulties, such as single mothers and homeless youth. In general, they showed a priority desire to transition to a non NiNi condition, but with different needs for help or assistance. Furthermore, NiNis were considered in policy interventions public and international cooperation, but not exclusively, with emphasis on employability, serving the most feasible population to help, with shortcomings in the coordination of actions, lack of diagnoses and monitoring mechanisms and evaluation.
Descripción
Palabras clave
DESEMPLEO, JUVENTUD, EL SALVADOR, ECONÓMIA, EDUCACIÓN, UNEMPLOYMENT, YOUTH, ECONOMY, EDUCATION