Discriminación de la población femenina mayor de 40 años en el mercado laboral costarricense en el período 2011-2013. Una perspectiva género sensitiva de la situación de las mujeres en el mundo del trabajo
Fecha
2017-02
Autores
Jiménez Borge, Ariadna
Rodríguez Quirós, Viviana
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
Realizando un recorrido histórico a lo largo del tiempo, la participación de las mujeres en el mercado laboral ha incrementado significativamente; en 1950 pasa del 15,4% al año 2013 en un 45,2%, llevando consigo un ascenso en el rol de mujer como jefa del hogar. Una serie de cambios socio-demográficos importantes han ocurrido relacionalmente con el incremento de la participación femenina en el mercado laboral, como la disminución de la tasa de natalidad, el fortalecimiento de la seguridad social, la actualización la legislación laboral y de género, entre otros. Los registros muestran que la brecha entre los hombres y las mujeres que conforman la fuerza de trabajo se ha acortado cada vez más conforme pasan los años. Sin embargo, para el año 2013 las mayores tasas de ocupación femenina se registraron en las mujeres de 25 a 29, seguidas de las de 30 a 39 años y luego las de 40 a 49 años, y algunas mujeres han enfrentado situaciones de exclusión, desempleo y pobreza por factores como la edad, nivel de escolaridad, experiencia laboral y calidades de empleo. Aunado a ello, se registra un aumento sostenido de la de jefatura de hogar femenina, Para el año 1987 los hogares con jefaturas femeninas alcanzaban un 17% mientras que para el año 2013 sobrepasaban el 36%. Para ello, esta investigación pretende demostrar si hay presencia de discriminación laboral de la mujer y cuantificarla, por lo que se desarrolla un modelo multivariable, mejor conocido como Descomposición de Oaxaca Blinder, que explica diferencias entre medias de una variable entre dos grupos, que en este caso serían las diferencias salariales entre hombres y mujeres explicados por variables socioeconómicas y culturales. Para la Descomposición de Oaxaca Blinder, se consideró la población de hombres y mujeres en edades comprendidas de 40 a 60 años de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares (ENAHO) de los años 2011 al 2013. Se destaca que, para dicho modelo, se consideran variables de tipo continuas, discretas, categorías o lineales.
Looking back at history, women's participation in the labor market has increased significantly; from 15.4% in 1950 to 45.2% in 2013, leading to a rise in women's roles as heads of household. A series of important socio-demographic changes have occurred in relation to this increase in female participation in the labor market, such as a decline in the birth rate, the strengthening of social security, and updates to labor and gender legislation, among others. Records show that the gap between men and women in the workforce has been narrowing steadily over the years. However, in 2013, the highest female employment rates were recorded among women aged 25 to 29, followed by those aged 30 to 39, and then those aged 40 to 49. Some women have faced exclusion, unemployment, and poverty due to factors such as age, education level, work experience, and job quality. In addition, there has been a sustained increase in female-headed households. In 1987, female-headed households represented 17% of all households, while by 2013 they exceeded 36%. Therefore, this research aims to demonstrate whether and quantify workplace discrimination against women. To this end, a multivariate model, better known as the Oaxaca-Blinder Decomposition, is developed. This model explains differences in the means of a variable between two groups, which in this case would be the wage gap between men and women, explained by socioeconomic and cultural variables. For the Oaxaca Blinder Decomposition, the population of men and women aged 40 to 60 years from the National Household Survey (ENAHO) of the years 2011 to 2013 was considered. It is noted that, for this model, continuous, discrete, categorical or linear variables are considered.
Looking back at history, women's participation in the labor market has increased significantly; from 15.4% in 1950 to 45.2% in 2013, leading to a rise in women's roles as heads of household. A series of important socio-demographic changes have occurred in relation to this increase in female participation in the labor market, such as a decline in the birth rate, the strengthening of social security, and updates to labor and gender legislation, among others. Records show that the gap between men and women in the workforce has been narrowing steadily over the years. However, in 2013, the highest female employment rates were recorded among women aged 25 to 29, followed by those aged 30 to 39, and then those aged 40 to 49. Some women have faced exclusion, unemployment, and poverty due to factors such as age, education level, work experience, and job quality. In addition, there has been a sustained increase in female-headed households. In 1987, female-headed households represented 17% of all households, while by 2013 they exceeded 36%. Therefore, this research aims to demonstrate whether and quantify workplace discrimination against women. To this end, a multivariate model, better known as the Oaxaca-Blinder Decomposition, is developed. This model explains differences in the means of a variable between two groups, which in this case would be the wage gap between men and women, explained by socioeconomic and cultural variables. For the Oaxaca Blinder Decomposition, the population of men and women aged 40 to 60 years from the National Household Survey (ENAHO) of the years 2011 to 2013 was considered. It is noted that, for this model, continuous, discrete, categorical or linear variables are considered.
Descripción
Licenciatura en Economía
Palabras clave
DISCRIMINACIÓN BASADA EN EL SEXO, SEX-BASED DISCRIMINATION, TRABAJADORAS, WOMEN WORKERS, MERCADO DE TRABAJO, LABOR MARKET, MUJERES, WOMEN
