El papel de las condiciones subjetivas, simbólicas y culturales para transformar o mantener prácticas agrícolas en pequeños y medianos productores de café de León Cortés.
Fecha
2023-08-16
Autores
Mora Mena, Randall
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
La zona de Los Santos se ubica a unos 60 kilómetros al sur de San José,
se trata de una zona rural, colonizada a mediados del siglo XIX. El paisaje del
lugar es dominado por el intenso color verde de los cafetales, con algunos
parches de bosque y de pastizales, además de los centros de población que en
su mayoría son pequeños caseríos dispersos por el relieve quebrado del lugar.
En esta zona se encuentra el cantón de León Cortés, cantón número
veinte de la provincia de San José con una extensión de 120.8 km2 y 12.200
habitantes al año del censo 2011. Al igual que el resto de la zona, la economía
se basa principalmente en el monocultivo de café, y los aspectos referentes a
la producción del grano son además parte de la cotidianidad y del conocimiento
de sentido común de las y los habitantes del cantón, aún de quienes se dedican
a otras actividades económicas.
No obstante, la manera acelerada en que la frontera agrícola del café se
expande constantemente en tierras de pastos, en los límites de los bosques,
en terrenos anteriormente dedicados a cultivos de subsistencia; la asistencia a
los cafetales basada en el uso extensivo de agroquímicos, y la forma en la que
este panorama contribuye de forma casi imperceptible pero constante al
calentamiento global, a la poca soberanía alimentaria en nombre de satisfacer
mercados internacionales, y al agotamiento de la capacidad productiva de los
suelos, llevaron a plantear como investigación, las condiciones sociales y
subjetivas que median en la toma de decisiones de agricultores de León Cortés.
Aunado a lo anterior, la decreciente preocupación en la academia, y en
la sociología como ciencia en el ámbito nacional, sobre aspectos de carácter
estructural sobre las realidades en espacios rurales, las pocas investigaciones
existentes en ramas de la sociología, como sociología rural y agraria, motivan
especialmente a la aplicación de sus herramientas teórica y metodológicas para
el estudio de este tipo de realidades.
El presente documento inicia con la justificación de la investigación, y
con la definición del problema a investigar, a través de sus antecedentes
históricos y el escenario productivo y económico actual del cantón de León
Cortés, cantón donde se llevó a cabo la investigación.
En el “Estado de la Cuestión” se desarrolla el objeto sociológico de la
investigación, haciendo repaso a investigaciones en realidades rurales de
Costa Rica y otros países de Latinoamérica, divididas en dos tendencias de
investigación con distintos enfoques teóricos de acuerdo a su objeto de estudio:
el carácter estructural en la tenencia de la tierra, y la dimensión subjetiva en
productores agrícolas rurales. Mientras que el “Marco Teórico” se compone de
tres apartados en donde se desarrollan los tres componentes teóricos que
guían la investigación: racionalidad, representaciones sociales y aspectos de la
cultura rural.
La metodología utilizada para la investigación es fundamentalmente
cualitativa, en donde a partir de las fuentes consultadas se hace el análisis
correspondiente, en correlación con los postulados teóricos que se toman como
punto de partida.
Los resultados de la investigación se desarrollan en apartados
relacionados con el papel de la racionalidad, de las representaciones sociales,
y de aspectos culturales, y sus manifestaciones en los productores de café del
cantón.
Finalmente, a partir de las variables e indicadores que en su momento
se definieron como orientadores de la investigación, se detalla una sección final
de conclusiones generales. Posteriormente algunas recomendaciones para
instituciones relacionadas con el estudio y también para ser tomadas en cuenta
en futuras investigaciones.
The Los Santos area is located about 60 kilometers south of San José, It is a rural area, colonized in the mid-19th century. the landscape of place is dominated by the intense green color of the coffee plantations, with some patches of forest and grasslands, in addition to population centers that in Most of them are small hamlets scattered around the broken relief of the place. In this area is the canton of León Cortés, canton number twenty of the province of San José with an extension of 120.8 km2 and 12,200 inhabitants per year of the 2011 census. Like the rest of the area, the economy is based mainly on the monoculture of coffee, and the aspects referring to grain production are also part of daily life and knowledge of common sense of the inhabitants of the canton, even of those who dedicate themselves to other economic activities. However, the accelerated way in which the agricultural frontier of coffee is steadily expands into rangelands, at the edges of forests, on land previously dedicated to subsistence crops; assistance to coffee plantations based on the extensive use of agrochemicals, and the way in which this panorama contributes in an almost imperceptible but constant way to the global warming, to little food sovereignty in the name of satisfying international markets, and the depletion of the productive capacity of the soils, led to raise as research, the social conditions and subjective factors that mediate the decision-making of farmers in León Cortés. In addition to the above, the decreasing concern in the academy, and in sociology as a science at the national level, on aspects of a structure on the realities in rural spaces, the few investigations existing in branches of sociology, such as rural and agrarian sociology, motivate especially to the application of its theoretical and methodological tools to the study of this type of reality. This document begins with the justification of the investigation, and with the definition of the problem to be investigated, through its background historical events and the current productive and economic scenario of the canton of León Cortés, canton where the investigation was carried out. In the "State of the Question" the sociological object of the research, reviewing research in rural realities of Costa Rica and other Latin American countries, divided into two tendencies of research with different theoretical approaches according to its object of study: the structural nature of land tenure, and the subjective dimension in rural agricultural producers. While the "Theoretical Framework" is composed of three sections where the three theoretical components that guide the investigation: rationality, social representations and aspects of country culture. The methodology used for the research is fundamentally qualitative, where from the sources consulted the analysis is made corresponding, in correlation with the theoretical postulates that are taken as point. The results of the investigation are developed in sections related to the role of rationality, of social representations, and cultural aspects, and its manifestations in the coffee producers of the canton. Finally, based on the variables and indicators that at the time were defined as research guides, a final section is detailed of general conclusions. Then some recommendations for institutions related to the study and also to be taken into account in future research.
The Los Santos area is located about 60 kilometers south of San José, It is a rural area, colonized in the mid-19th century. the landscape of place is dominated by the intense green color of the coffee plantations, with some patches of forest and grasslands, in addition to population centers that in Most of them are small hamlets scattered around the broken relief of the place. In this area is the canton of León Cortés, canton number twenty of the province of San José with an extension of 120.8 km2 and 12,200 inhabitants per year of the 2011 census. Like the rest of the area, the economy is based mainly on the monoculture of coffee, and the aspects referring to grain production are also part of daily life and knowledge of common sense of the inhabitants of the canton, even of those who dedicate themselves to other economic activities. However, the accelerated way in which the agricultural frontier of coffee is steadily expands into rangelands, at the edges of forests, on land previously dedicated to subsistence crops; assistance to coffee plantations based on the extensive use of agrochemicals, and the way in which this panorama contributes in an almost imperceptible but constant way to the global warming, to little food sovereignty in the name of satisfying international markets, and the depletion of the productive capacity of the soils, led to raise as research, the social conditions and subjective factors that mediate the decision-making of farmers in León Cortés. In addition to the above, the decreasing concern in the academy, and in sociology as a science at the national level, on aspects of a structure on the realities in rural spaces, the few investigations existing in branches of sociology, such as rural and agrarian sociology, motivate especially to the application of its theoretical and methodological tools to the study of this type of reality. This document begins with the justification of the investigation, and with the definition of the problem to be investigated, through its background historical events and the current productive and economic scenario of the canton of León Cortés, canton where the investigation was carried out. In the "State of the Question" the sociological object of the research, reviewing research in rural realities of Costa Rica and other Latin American countries, divided into two tendencies of research with different theoretical approaches according to its object of study: the structural nature of land tenure, and the subjective dimension in rural agricultural producers. While the "Theoretical Framework" is composed of three sections where the three theoretical components that guide the investigation: rationality, social representations and aspects of country culture. The methodology used for the research is fundamentally qualitative, where from the sources consulted the analysis is made corresponding, in correlation with the theoretical postulates that are taken as point. The results of the investigation are developed in sections related to the role of rationality, of social representations, and cultural aspects, and its manifestations in the coffee producers of the canton. Finally, based on the variables and indicators that at the time were defined as research guides, a final section is detailed of general conclusions. Then some recommendations for institutions related to the study and also to be taken into account in future research.
Descripción
Palabras clave
SAN JOSE (COSTA RICA), SOCIOLOGÍA RURAL, RURAL SOCIOLOGY, TRABAJADORES AGRÍCOLAS, AGRICULTURAL WORKERS, ASPECTOS SOCIALES, SOCIAL ASPECTS, CAFÉ, COFFEE