Diversidad genética en el ganado bovino en Costa Rica
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Fecha
2014-05
Autores
Martínez Pichardo, Marco Antonio
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
El objetivo de esta tesis fue cuantificar el grado de diversidad genética en el ganado bovino de
Costa Rica. Inicialmente se realizó un análisis de la diversidad genética en la población total. Se colectaron 1498 muestras de ADN bovino provenientes de las distintas regiones ganaderas
del país, las cuales fueron evaluadas mediante 18 marcadores microsatélites. Para cada
microsatélite se calcularon las frecuencias alélicas, número total y medio de alelos (Na),
número efectivo (Ne) de alelos, la heterocigosis observada (Ho), la heterocigosis esperada
(He), el contenido de información polimorfica (CIP), el coeficiente de endogamia (FIS), y el
equilibrio Hardy-Weinberg (HW). Se identificaron un total de 263 alelos. Todos los
microsatélites utilizados resultaron polimórficos con un Na promedio de 15, variando entre un
mínimo de 9 (ETH10 y BM1824) y un máximo de 24 alelos (TGLA122). La frecuencia alélica
más alta se observó en el locus RM067, donde el alelo 90 presentó una frecuencia de 52,3%.
El Ne promedio fue de 5,6, variando desde 3,1 en el locus RM067, hasta 8,8 para el locus
CSSM66. La Ho promedio fue de 0,76, variando entre 0,63 para el locus RM067 y 0,85 para el
locus CSSM66. La He promedio fue de 0,81, oscilando entre 0,68 para el locus RM067 y 0,89
para el locus CSSM66. El CIP promedio fue de 0,79, con rangos entre 0,65 (RM067) y 0,88
(CSSM66). El FIS promedio fue de 0,06 y osciló entre 0,02 para el locus MGTG4B y 0,10 para el
locus ETH225. La desviación del equilibrio HW no fue significativa para los loci INRA23
(P=0,16), BM1824 (P=0,31) y MGTG4B (P=0,09); fue significativa (p<0,05) para el locus
CSRM60 y altamente significativa (p<0,001) para todos los demás loci. Los resultados del
análisis indicaron que existe una variabilidad genética alta en la población bovina de Costa Rica
y niveles moderados de endogamia.
Posteriormente, se realizó un análisis de diversidad genética dentro de subpoblaciones
raciales. El Na promedio por grupo racial fue de 10,3, oscilando entre 8 (Holstein×Jersey) y 13
(Criolla para doble propósito). El Ne promedio fue de 5,04, variando entre 4,18 (Jersey) y 5,64
(Bos taurus×Bos indicus). La Ho promedio fue de 0,77, variando entre 0,73 (Jersey) y 0,81 (Bos
taurus×Bos indicus). La He promedio fue de 0,78, oscilando entre 0,74 (Jersey y
Holstein×Jersey) y 0,81 (Bos taurus×Bos indicus, Criolla para doble propósito y Cruce para
doble propósito). El CIP fue de 0,76, con rangos entre 0,71 (Jersey y Holstein×Jersey) a 0,79
(Criollas para doble propósito y Cruces para doble propósito). El FIS promedio fue de 0,02 y
osciló entre -0,03 (Holstein×Jersey) y 0,04 (Brahman, Criolla para carne y Cruce para leche).
La desviación del equilibrio HW no fue significativa (P>0,05) en la mayoría de los loci para las
subpoblaciones raciales. El subgrupo con mayor número de loci en desequilibrio HW (p<0,05)
fue la Jersey (8 loci), mientras que los subgrupos Bos taurus×Bos indicus, Criolla para leche y
Holstein×Jersey presentaron solo 1 locus en desequilibrio HW. Los índices de fijación FIS
(0,02), FIT (0,05) y FST (0,03) indican tendencia hacia la homocigosidad. Se observó
correspondencia entre los valores de diferenciación genética (RST) por pares de razas y las
respectivas distancias genéticas de Nei. Se observó una mayor diferenciación entre grupos
raciales de diferente subespecie (Bos taurus vs. Bos indicus). En el Análisis de Coordenadas
Principales, las 2 primeras coordenadas explicaron el 29,6% y 9,7% de la varianza,
respectivamente. Los dendrogramas confirman la formación de dos grupos principales, con las
razas cebuinas y las taurinas, y grupos intermedios producto de cruces entre ambas. Los
resultados del análisis indicaron que los microsatélites empleados permiten visualizar de
manera eficiente la estructura genética de la población bovina de Costa Rica.
The aim of this thesis was to quantify the degree of genetic diversity in cattle of Costa Rica. Initially an analysis of the genetic diversity was performed on the total population. An amount of 1498 bovine DNA samples were collected from different regions within the country, and evaluated using 18 microsatellite markers. For each microsatellite, allele frequencies, average and total alleles (Na), effective (Ne) number of alleles, observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosities, polymorphic information content (PIC), inbreeding coefficient (FIS) and the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HW) were evaluated. A total of 263 alleles were identified in the population. All microsatellites were polymorphic with an average of 15 Na, ranging from 9 (ETH10 and BM1824) to 24 alleles (TGLA122). The highest observed allele frequency was for allele 90 (RM067 locus) with a frequency of 52.3%. Average Ne was 5,6, ranging from 3,1 (locus RM067) to 8,8 (locus CSSM66). Average Ho was 0,76, ranging from 0,63 (RM067) to 0,85 (CSSM66). Average He was 0,81, ranging from 0,68 for locus RM067 and 0,89 for locus CSSM66. The CIP average was 0,79, ranging from 0,65 (RM067) and 0,88 (CSSM66). The average FIS was 0,06 and ranged from 0,02 for MGTG4B locus and 0,10 for locus ETH225. Deviation from HW equilibrium was not significant for loci INRA23 (P=0,16), BM1824 (P=0,31) and MGTG4B (P=0,09); was significant (p<0,05) for locus CSRM60 and highly significant (p<0,001) for all other loci. The result of the analysis indicated that there is a high genetic variability in the bovine population of Costa Rica, with moderate levels of inbreeding. Subsequently, an analysis of genetic diversity within racial subpopulations was performed. The average Na per locus within breed was 10,3, ranging from 8 (Holstein×Jersey) to 13 (Dual Purpose Creole). Average Ne was 5,04 ranging between 4,18 (Jersey) and 5,64 (Bos taurus×Bos indicus). Average Ho was 0,77, varying between 0,73 (Jersey) and 0,81 (Bos taurus×Bos indicus). Average He was 0,78, oscillating between 0,74 (Jersey and Holstein×Jersey) and 0,81 (Bos taurus×Bos indicus, Dual Purpose Creole and Dual Purpose Crosses). Average PIC was 0,76, ranging between 0,71 (Jersey and Holstein×Jersey) to 0,79 (Dual Purpose Creole and Dual Purpose crosses). Average FIS was 0,02 ranging from -0,03 (Holstein×Jersey) to 0,04 (Brahman, Beef Creole and Dairy crosses). The deviation of HW equilibrium was not significant (P>0,05) for the majority of loci within racial subpopulations. Subgroup with the highest number of loci in HW disequilibrium (P<0,05) was Jersey (8 loci), while subgroups Bos taurus×Bos indicus, Dairy Creole and Holstein×Jersey showed only 1 locus. Fixation indexes FIS (0,02), FIT (0,05) and FST (0,03) indicate a tendency towards homocigozity. An association was observed between genetic differentiation (RST) for pairs of breeds and respective Nei genetic distances. A greater differentiation was observed between racial groups of different subspecies (Bos taurus vs. Bos indicus). According to Principal Coordinates Analysis, first 2 coordinates explained 29,6% and 9,7% of the variance. Dendrograms confirmed the formation of two main groups, with taurine and zebu breeds as extremes, and crossbreeds in the middle. The result of the analysis indicated that microsatellites provided an efficient way to visualize the genetic structure of cattle population in Costa Rica.
The aim of this thesis was to quantify the degree of genetic diversity in cattle of Costa Rica. Initially an analysis of the genetic diversity was performed on the total population. An amount of 1498 bovine DNA samples were collected from different regions within the country, and evaluated using 18 microsatellite markers. For each microsatellite, allele frequencies, average and total alleles (Na), effective (Ne) number of alleles, observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosities, polymorphic information content (PIC), inbreeding coefficient (FIS) and the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HW) were evaluated. A total of 263 alleles were identified in the population. All microsatellites were polymorphic with an average of 15 Na, ranging from 9 (ETH10 and BM1824) to 24 alleles (TGLA122). The highest observed allele frequency was for allele 90 (RM067 locus) with a frequency of 52.3%. Average Ne was 5,6, ranging from 3,1 (locus RM067) to 8,8 (locus CSSM66). Average Ho was 0,76, ranging from 0,63 (RM067) to 0,85 (CSSM66). Average He was 0,81, ranging from 0,68 for locus RM067 and 0,89 for locus CSSM66. The CIP average was 0,79, ranging from 0,65 (RM067) and 0,88 (CSSM66). The average FIS was 0,06 and ranged from 0,02 for MGTG4B locus and 0,10 for locus ETH225. Deviation from HW equilibrium was not significant for loci INRA23 (P=0,16), BM1824 (P=0,31) and MGTG4B (P=0,09); was significant (p<0,05) for locus CSRM60 and highly significant (p<0,001) for all other loci. The result of the analysis indicated that there is a high genetic variability in the bovine population of Costa Rica, with moderate levels of inbreeding. Subsequently, an analysis of genetic diversity within racial subpopulations was performed. The average Na per locus within breed was 10,3, ranging from 8 (Holstein×Jersey) to 13 (Dual Purpose Creole). Average Ne was 5,04 ranging between 4,18 (Jersey) and 5,64 (Bos taurus×Bos indicus). Average Ho was 0,77, varying between 0,73 (Jersey) and 0,81 (Bos taurus×Bos indicus). Average He was 0,78, oscillating between 0,74 (Jersey and Holstein×Jersey) and 0,81 (Bos taurus×Bos indicus, Dual Purpose Creole and Dual Purpose Crosses). Average PIC was 0,76, ranging between 0,71 (Jersey and Holstein×Jersey) to 0,79 (Dual Purpose Creole and Dual Purpose crosses). Average FIS was 0,02 ranging from -0,03 (Holstein×Jersey) to 0,04 (Brahman, Beef Creole and Dairy crosses). The deviation of HW equilibrium was not significant (P>0,05) for the majority of loci within racial subpopulations. Subgroup with the highest number of loci in HW disequilibrium (P<0,05) was Jersey (8 loci), while subgroups Bos taurus×Bos indicus, Dairy Creole and Holstein×Jersey showed only 1 locus. Fixation indexes FIS (0,02), FIT (0,05) and FST (0,03) indicate a tendency towards homocigozity. An association was observed between genetic differentiation (RST) for pairs of breeds and respective Nei genetic distances. A greater differentiation was observed between racial groups of different subspecies (Bos taurus vs. Bos indicus). According to Principal Coordinates Analysis, first 2 coordinates explained 29,6% and 9,7% of the variance. Dendrograms confirmed the formation of two main groups, with taurine and zebu breeds as extremes, and crossbreeds in the middle. The result of the analysis indicated that microsatellites provided an efficient way to visualize the genetic structure of cattle population in Costa Rica.
Descripción
Maestría en Producción Animal Sostenible
Palabras clave
GANADO BOVINO, CATTLE, COSTA RICA, DIVERSIDAD GENETICA, GENETICA ANIMAL, ADN, RAZAS (ANIMALES), GENETIC DIVERSITY, ANIMAL GENETICS, DNA, BREEDS (ANIMALS)