Análisis de los factores determinantes de la Inversión Extranjera Directa (IED) en los cuatro principales países receptores de IED en Centroamérica
Fecha
2025-04-22
Autores
Arias Correa, María José
Gómez Alfaro, Paulina de los Ángeles
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Editor
Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Resumen
La Inversión Extranjera Directa (IED) se refiere al flujo de capital que se mueve entre países con el propósito de producir bienes, servicios y ganancias. Este tipo de inversión incluye tanto la producción de materiales como la contratación de mano de obra para la fabricación de esos bienes y servicios (Martin, 2006, p.7). La IED es una forma clave de inversión comercial que impulsa el crecimiento económico global. Se considera esencial para las economías del mundo, ya que tiene efectos directos en la formación de capital, fomenta avances tecnológicos y promueve el desarrollo del capital humano, mejorando la calidad y eficiencia del empleo.
En el caso de Centroamérica, se han realizado esfuerzos para atraer IED, tales como el establecimiento de marcos regulatorios y políticas económicas que buscan ser atractivas para los inversores. Un ejemplo son las zonas francas, que ofrecen beneficios a las empresas a cambio de cumplir con requisitos locales.
Con base en lo anterior, el trabajo de investigación busca analizar los factores que influyen en la atracción de los flujos de IED en las cuatro principales economías receptoras de Centroamérica: Panamá, Costa Rica, Guatemala y Honduras. En primer lugar, se pretende identificar, a través de un análisis detallado y una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura y por medio de entrevistas a expertos, los factores económicos, políticos y sociales que dinamizan los flujos de la IED en las economías mencionadas. Posteriormente, agrupar los países, mediante un análisis de conglomerados, basado en las similitudes y diferencias de los factores influyentes en la atracción de IED, y explicar las razones de pertenencia de cada uno de los países a su conglomerado, considerando sus características económicas, políticas y sociales. Finalmente, se desea formular elementos para una propuesta de política pública que potencie la IED. El trabajo se organiza en varios capítulos: el Capítulo I aborda los antecedentes, la justificación y los objetivos; el Capítulo II presenta el enfoque teórico y las definiciones clave; el Capítulo III detalla la metodología, que incluye entrevistas y análisis de conglomerados; el Capítulo IV identifica los factores que dinamizan la IED en los países seleccionados; y el Capítulo V expone las conclusiones y recomendaciones, basadas en los resultados obtenidos a lo largo de la investigación.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) refers to the flow of capital moving between countries for the purpose of producing goods, services and profits. This type of investment includes both the production of materials and the hiring of labor to manufacture those goods and services (Martin, 2006, p.7). FDI is a key form of business investment that drives global economic growth. It is considered essential for the world's economies, as it has direct effects on capital formation, fosters technological advances and promotes the development of human capital, improving the quality and efficiency of employment. In the case of Central America, efforts have been made to attract FDI, such as the establishment of regulatory frameworks and economic policies that seek to be attractive to investors. One example is the free trade zones, which offer benefits to companies in exchange for complying with local requirements. Based on the above, the research work seeks to analyze the factors that influence the attraction of FDI flows in the four main recipient economies of Central America: Panama, Costa Rica, Guatemala and Honduras. First, it seeks to identify, through a detailed analysis and an exhaustive review of the literature and expert interviews, the economic, political and social factors that drive FDI flows in the aforementioned economies. Subsequently, to group the countries, through a cluster analysis, based on the similarities and differences of the factors influencing the attraction of FDI, and to explain the reasons why each of the countries belongs to its cluster, considering its economic, political and social characteristics. Finally, the aim is to formulate elements for a public policy proposal to promote FDI. The paper is organized into several chapters: Chapter I addresses the background, justification and objectives; Chapter II presents the theoretical approach and key definitions; Chapter III details the methodology, which includes interviews and cluster analysis; Chapter IV identifies the factors that boost FDI in the selected countries; and Chapter V presents the conclusions and recommendations, based on the results obtained throughout the research.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) refers to the flow of capital moving between countries for the purpose of producing goods, services and profits. This type of investment includes both the production of materials and the hiring of labor to manufacture those goods and services (Martin, 2006, p.7). FDI is a key form of business investment that drives global economic growth. It is considered essential for the world's economies, as it has direct effects on capital formation, fosters technological advances and promotes the development of human capital, improving the quality and efficiency of employment. In the case of Central America, efforts have been made to attract FDI, such as the establishment of regulatory frameworks and economic policies that seek to be attractive to investors. One example is the free trade zones, which offer benefits to companies in exchange for complying with local requirements. Based on the above, the research work seeks to analyze the factors that influence the attraction of FDI flows in the four main recipient economies of Central America: Panama, Costa Rica, Guatemala and Honduras. First, it seeks to identify, through a detailed analysis and an exhaustive review of the literature and expert interviews, the economic, political and social factors that drive FDI flows in the aforementioned economies. Subsequently, to group the countries, through a cluster analysis, based on the similarities and differences of the factors influencing the attraction of FDI, and to explain the reasons why each of the countries belongs to its cluster, considering its economic, political and social characteristics. Finally, the aim is to formulate elements for a public policy proposal to promote FDI. The paper is organized into several chapters: Chapter I addresses the background, justification and objectives; Chapter II presents the theoretical approach and key definitions; Chapter III details the methodology, which includes interviews and cluster analysis; Chapter IV identifies the factors that boost FDI in the selected countries; and Chapter V presents the conclusions and recommendations, based on the results obtained throughout the research.
Descripción
Análisis de los factores determinantes de la Inversión Extranjera Directa (IED) en los cuatro principales países receptores de IED en Centroamérica.
Palabras clave
INVERSIONES EXTRANJERAS, FOREIGN INVESTMENTS, POLÍTICA PÚBLICA, PUBLIC POLICY, DESARROLLO ECONÓMICO, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, AMÉRICA CENTRAL, CENTRAL AMERICA