Monitoring pesticide use and associated health hazards in Central America
Fecha
2011-09
Autores
Bravo Durán, Virya
Rodríguez, Teresa
Wesseling, Catharina
De La Cruz Malavassi, Elba
Calderón, Gloria. R
Wendel e Joode, Berna Van
Turcios, Miguel
Méndez, Luis A
Mejía, Winston
Tatis, Anabel
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ResearchGate
Resumen
Establecimos métodos para monitorear el uso de plaguicidas y los riesgos para la salud asociados en Centroamérica. A partir de datos de importación de Belice, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua y Panamá para el período 2000–2004, construimos indicadores cuantitativos (kg de ingrediente activo) del uso general de plaguicidas, los riesgos para la salud asociados y el cumplimiento de las regulaciones internacionales. Centroamérica importó 33 millones de kg de ingrediente activo por año. Las importaciones aumentaron un 33% durante 2000–2004. De 403 plaguicidas, 13 representaron el 77% del total de plaguicidas importados. Se utilizan altos volúmenes de plaguicidas peligrosos: el 22% eran altamente/extremadamente tóxicos de forma aguda, el 33% moderadamente/severamente irritantes o sensibilizantes, y el 30% presentaban múltiples toxicidades crónicas. De los 41 plaguicidas incluidos en el Convenio de Estocolmo sobre Contaminantes Orgánicos Persistentes (COP), el Convenio de Rotterdam sobre el Consentimiento Fundamentado Previo (PIC), el Protocolo de Montreal sobre las Sustancias que Agotan la Capa de Ozono, la “Docena Sucia” de la Red de Acción en Plaguicidas (PAN) y la Docena Sucia Centroamericana, se importaron 16 (17% del volumen total), cuatro de los cuales se encontraban entre los 13 plaguicidas más importados. Costa Rica es, con diferencia, el mayor consumidor. Los datos de importación de plaguicidas son buenos indicadores de las tendencias de uso y una fuente informativa para monitorear los riesgos y, potencialmente, la eficacia de las intervenciones.
We established methods for monitoring pesticide use and associated health hazards in Central America. With import data from Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama for 2000–2004, we constructed quantitative indicators (kg active ingredient) for general pesticide use, associated health hazards, and compliance with international regulations. Central America imported 33 million kg active ingredient per year. Imports increased 33% during 2000–2004. Of 403 pesticides, 13 comprised 77% of the total pesticides imported. High volumes of hazardous pesticides are used; 22% highly/extremely acutely toxic, 33% moderately/severely irritant or sensitizing, and 30% had multiple chronic toxicities. Of the 41 pesticides included in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent (PIC), the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, the Pesticide Action Network (PAN) Dirty Dozen, and the Central American Dirty Dozen, 16 (17% total volume) were imported, four being among the 13 most imported pesticides. Costa Rica is by far the biggest consumer. Pesticide import data are good indicators of use trends and an informative source to monitor hazards and, potentially, the effectiveness of interventions.
We established methods for monitoring pesticide use and associated health hazards in Central America. With import data from Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama for 2000–2004, we constructed quantitative indicators (kg active ingredient) for general pesticide use, associated health hazards, and compliance with international regulations. Central America imported 33 million kg active ingredient per year. Imports increased 33% during 2000–2004. Of 403 pesticides, 13 comprised 77% of the total pesticides imported. High volumes of hazardous pesticides are used; 22% highly/extremely acutely toxic, 33% moderately/severely irritant or sensitizing, and 30% had multiple chronic toxicities. Of the 41 pesticides included in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent (PIC), the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, the Pesticide Action Network (PAN) Dirty Dozen, and the Central American Dirty Dozen, 16 (17% total volume) were imported, four being among the 13 most imported pesticides. Costa Rica is by far the biggest consumer. Pesticide import data are good indicators of use trends and an informative source to monitor hazards and, potentially, the effectiveness of interventions.
Descripción
Parte del Proyecto 022214 Vigilancia de uso de plaguicidas como indicador de riesgos para la salud. Proyecto piloto Costa Rica
Palabras clave
PESTICIDAS, AMÉRICA CENTRAL, RIESGOS PARA LA SALUD, AGRICULTURA COMERCIAL, PESTICIDES, CENTRAL AMERICA, HEALTH RISKS, COMERCIAL AGRICULTURE, SUSTANCIAS TÓXICAS, TOXIC SUBSTANCES
